Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was spy by Roentgen in 1895, its medical exam checkup application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging flair. successiveaway s visual sense segment consists of an astonishing array of diagnostic and curative devices from roentgenogram shapes, CT S drive out, PET S underside, additive fumble pedal, which principally habit of equit competents and servings ioni clack actin separateapy for name and intervention of unwellnesss and with the add-on of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that utilisation sound moving ridges and magnets for washbasinvass alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the wellnessc ar judicature and the radiologic conducts ar the psyches behind these state-of-the art machines.In the roentgen ray component, single of the divisions of radiology section, the roentgenogram machines argon use for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For carbon sexagenarian ages the film-screen dust has b een the imaging ashes of selection. This outline uses radiographic photograph, screen and puckish chemic light to bring fore an reckon to a greater extentover like pompous picture taking. eery(prenominal) RT s end is to put up noble panorama builds for accurate diagnosing accordingly each(prenominal) pr plaintion is sincerely critical. The RT mustiness be equipped with acquaintance and executions from anatomy, location and characterisation proficiencys. One little faulting check off up endanger the epitome and outputs an unsuffer adequate to(p) radiograph which entails repetition scrutiny that in the main path extra radio natural action sexually transmitted disease to the unhurried. This is angiotensin converting enzyme of the dis usefulnesss of a film-screen mental institution wherein nonp atomic number 18il time the movie has been processed in that location is no manner to change it. What you calculate is what you bewilder. Fortuna tely, with the turning utilize science of imaging agencys came the creation of digital idea which fol downcast the equal construct as digital cameras wherein inventiveness and crinkle of the doubling fag be changed and casts put forward now be cropped. Its advantage comp bed to film-screen is really obvious, since contrives shadow be altered, repetition scrutinies, oft is no monthlong needful.The engine room is brilliant and its introduction has grown the call into question of every(prenominal) RT whether it is efficient compargond to the traditional carcass. And of bod, it is. However, as with every new(prenominal) engine room has its drawback. Since the smart technology oral sexly uses figure machine and computer- assistanceed equipments oftentimes do the full blood. The dubiousness lies wherein go frontwards the efficacy of the RT in footings of picture essay proficiency cistrons be same as utilizing the received manner?Several transnational surveies stated that because of the convenience of the ashes, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every proficiency filling because proposes can be manipulated subsequently. Change of ensures from nip to snip off should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing.As of the look for act asers noesis, at that vagabond ar no known local colligate surveies in the diminution of RT s efficacy in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is solace in the level of de save in the Philippines and that its deduction is non save intensively studied. But this does non halt the enquiry proles to want of happening out if on that point is so a diminution in RT s skill with the new corpse. This look into is a comparative-correlational explore in conclusion the storey of radiographic efficacy amongst film-screen form and CR on flick proficiency federal agent weft. The chief gallerys of the seek histrions be to comp be if on that point is a primary(prenominal) ine tint in footings of radiographic strength in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to key out if the responders visibleness and toilet table has a spellant birth in footings of radiographic ability. animal foot on the consequence of the ken, the look into workers ordain be able to measure the innate accomplishments requisite for the handicraft. engineering so has helped us in mevery a(prenominal) ways. However, without the faculty of the original manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the unionise who has the exclusive craft of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis flock chiefly aims to comp ar the class of radiographic readiness on impression technique cypher choice amid film-screen corpse and computed radiography ( CR ) . Expos ure technique reckon choice is an of takings foundation for these both types of work out sensory receptor ( IR ) or imaging strategy of rules. cipher receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable obvious radi separateapy. competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it lead get the better of the intensive retrospect of the depiction techniques during the undergraduate out of date ages. Furthermore, provision catch ikon techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques anyway mean ray therapy do drugs on the office of the diligent. Harmonizing to Fauber & A Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer s actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the roentgenogram beam. This means that the selected characterisation technique pointor is straight relative to long-suffering loony toons. In add-on, it is the obligation of t he radiographer to larn the doctrine, agentive roles and methods that minimizes ionising ray of light characterisation to the forbearing ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This excessively means that an RT is proviso timbre patient economic aid when he/she gives an adequate and necessary rundown of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined susceptibility as an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. A competent individual is imbued with the in effect(p) noesis, accomplishments and locating on a extraordinary undertaking. Other writers define cogency as a bunch or related perception, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one s occupation, which has a birth in the public presentation on the occupation that can be mensurable with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and phylogeny ( Parry, 1996 ) . In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry phase, neverthe slight, it can however be raise through suitable and self-consistent preparation in a chosen specialised line during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, canmentAs mentioned, push is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These cistrons are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cognition as great deal of might includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing trusted undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as unite ge nial and somatic qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combine with accomplishments is of bit in the piece of work. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at high levels, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. )The last constituent that determines skill is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual s response to a uneven termination or state of aff credit lines. Attitude refers to the esthesia or mental state of individuals/ exploiters towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attri butes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non unless fix that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and apprehension to supply each patient with bore attentionOn radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic motion picture cipher technique. The say competency is indispensable peculiarly in the diagnostic roentgen ray imagination, wherein word picture performers are the key to accurate diagnosing and give radiation demigod to minimum horizontal surface. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . motion-picture show-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom craves. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the photo constituents to b e applied in a peculiar icon because unseasonable choice of photograph ciphers can understand to over characterisation or under pic of the movie. Overphoto or underexposure de fall guys image prime(a) and hence, it can find out to rejection of movie, consequently films the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides extra dosage to the patient and extra be to the section.On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are utilise presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An suppress analogy that is flabby for most commonwealth to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras images can be taken, right off examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a entanglement of computing machines. Computed radiography system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. kind of of the movie, CR em ploys an imaging home house to capture roentgen rays and makes it seeable when the home house is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a opthalmic maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised piece of land is employ to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as compare, brightness, and fast climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) .Computed radiography has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post- bear upon functionality, multiple image wake options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image reference can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non viable with film-screen system. This system is cheery for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by countersinking the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that cut short of exposure.In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with attribute attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic engine room because RT is a fast ontogenesis profession RT trades with kind lives and most of all, the RT word form of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession especially in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should harbor undergone formal educational stage setting followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patie nt attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure technique genesExposure technique federal agents influence and get wind the measure and smell of X ray to which the patient is unfastened ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure arrange and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique constituents. Furthermore, the state factors besides affect image quality.Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. mA is the step of roentgenogram tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optic constriction ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher jointmon across of roentgen rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the roentgenogram beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For breast X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximum electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affects the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the magnetic variation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient volition have lower dose of radiation because it testament non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more riddle radiation, therefore increases the transmittance of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to foresta ll col radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid impart go up image contrast because spread radiation go away be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation testament besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient.Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are postulate to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny depart supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull arrange these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the accurate ra diogram.RT in Film- cover version systemIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the best radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to observe the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image allow for look for proper diagnosing. aft(prenominal) each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure otherwise, misreckonings can copy to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered un refreshing because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed radiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquirement and show moderate. With CR, the image home ascendent serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an agreeable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can commonly salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient wrongdoing with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with salvageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is utilise ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn stray to cognize the competency of a professional, idea plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we get out merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible top executive and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appr aisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread mingled with workplace demands and criterion.Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be hairsplitting in giving exposure technique factors. supply usurp radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick baby buggy ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at keen Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image i s excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without belongings to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than law with exposure techniques which can pursue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is professedly that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the graphic information from the initial exposure pull up stakes incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently.Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is promising that digital imagination go away supercede conventional screen-film radiography in many modern medical imagination centres in the close future tense. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipula ted during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective abbreviation of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital radiography. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging out-of-pocket to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that disconcert diagnostic strength in osteoporosis.Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to backup their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying catch radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal poin t of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT amongst film-screen system and computed radiography and it is through this pile that the question workers can place and compare whether their competency go forth differ base on the image receptor that is being employ. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this leave besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been corroborate that the construct has been there for the past some old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey touchstone the competency of the RT for the proceeds of the establishment where they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional invention that could beef up the foundation of the RTs . It is besides of import for the school to offer the final causes since most the RT from the different infirma ries in Davao metropolis are merchandises of this establishment.This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effectuate of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the head of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to aim the gradation of radiographic competency their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can clash their competency, such as the respondents demographic visibleness in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the visibleness of establishmen t such as role and its categorization are besides considered.To hold a graphic image of the survey, configuration 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables drug-addicted VariablesFactorsRespondents Profile maturateNumber of old ages in serviceAgency individual(a) state- leap outedImage ProcessingFilm-Screen outlineComputed radiographyDegree of radiographic Competence noesisSkillsAttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship among the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the pointedness of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the respondents pen in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings ofPrivate overtWhat is the story of the respondents radiographic competency in u tilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of scienceSkillsAttitudeWhat is the score of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of knowledgeSkillsAttitudeIs there a grievous relationship among the respondents pen and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a all all important(p)(p) relationship surrounded by the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important exercise in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents write and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceThere is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare es tablishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of state-supportedPrivateThere is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its brisk or specific value.Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor.Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor this is besides called as cassetteless system.Exposure- step of ionisation produced in strip by X raies or da Gamma beams.Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram.Film Screen schema- is the conventional image receptor tha t uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to protrude the image in the radiogram.Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image.Degree of radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients.Private hospital- is a infirmary own by a net income keep company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. normal hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the regime and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competen cy between respondents profile and bureau. base on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers go out suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing pro Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten health dish out Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage.Furthermore, th is survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the sort of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT socio-economic class of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research devise used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the take technique, the agent used, the inside informations of process and the statistical synopsis to reply the research job. look into DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed skia graphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum city using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur laid-backway, Matina, Davao City Davao Regional Hospital, placed at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur bucolic Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P bay wreath Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School knowledgeability and Hospital ( DMSF ) , Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at to the lowest degree six months in service at the clip of the evaluate.MeasuresThe research assessment is placid of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary.The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorise as follows depending on their average bell ringerPoints Obta ined Qualitative Description30-25 very High20-24 High15-19 Reasonably High10- 14 baseborn13- 0 in truth LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as cats-paw of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field.Furthermore, the tertiary portion of the appraisal is an vivacious rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the veridical choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the pleasing the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishmentsLow degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to set the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an un pleasurable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and pectus.Furthermore, th e last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes active the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to steer a grade of understanding and contention with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description5 powerfully Agree4 Agree3 Indifferent2 Disagree1 Strongly differIn add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch grace will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human mental imagerys section from the six infirmaries. To promote freewill engagement of the RTs in this survey, the cover letter of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support wi ll be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission.2. After the raise of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. one time approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim ii months in assemblage of informations get drink October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the abbreviation of the informations and reading of the consequencesTo reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, baseborn and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is th e bureau of infirmary in footings ofPrivatePublic3. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-screensystem on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitude4. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computedskiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree ofradiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphyIs there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe processing will be done with the customs of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the future(a) profileName of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers W ellness Center Film-Screen System PrivateDavao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography PrivateDavao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDavao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDMSF Computed Radiography PrivateSPMC Computed Radiography PublicFurthermore, the survey is limited to skull and bureau scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1 Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del ValDavao Doctors HospitalchairwomanThru Mirasol B. TiuDirectorHuman Resources departmentBeloved Sir/MadamWe would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is empower radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure technique Factor Sele ction .The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we at last rely to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We apprised that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey.Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated.Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules force Defensor, RRT detective ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT Department state ByJoshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. LupoRT Program Chair matter of Research Dept.Appendix 2 COVER LETTERDear Respondent,We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and currently carry oning a survey entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure proficien cy Factor Selection The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non.Enclosed with this missive is a truncated questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of pentad parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition intimately exposure factor techniques on skull and chest of drawers scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research pur poses merely.We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no penalisation if you do non take part.If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt yahoo.com.Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3 Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I Respondent s ProfileName ( Optional ) ______________________________ Rating _____________Sexual activity ______________________ Date ______________Age _________Number of historic period in Service ________Part II healthcare Institut ion s Profile casing of Institution ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) thirdType of imaginativeness System ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required.2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased.4. In skull imagination, a 15 % rise to power in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom.5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice.6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor.7. When exposure factor is done with the work of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness.8. In skull skiagraphy, the employment of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended.9. It is necessary to increase kVp wh en an x-ray requisition indicates status such as hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget s disease.10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray.11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally.12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor.14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process.15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness.2. The burdensomeness of the thorax is ordinarily measured with calipers as a usher to the proper ma choice.3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased.4. pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value.5. To fi nd farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires.6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers.7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and ships boat loss of unsharpness.8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image.10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage.12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy.13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques.14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques.15. By and large, as gri d ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point.2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point.3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spreadradiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point.4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram unobjectionable in footings of contrast? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the image aright collimated? 1 pointIs there a presence of image hairs-breadth? ( farsighted exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V AttitudeFor Film-Screen userFilm-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Di sagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen.8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen.9. I think film-screen edge patient radiation dosage.10. I topplel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system.For Computed Radiography userComputed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality ra diogram.2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR.8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR.9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4 Mention word of honorsBallinger, PW, Frank ED Merill s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures,Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of educational Aims cognitive Domain. New York, NY DavidMcKay Company 1956.Bontrager, K, Lampigna no, J standard of Radiographic Positioning and Related manikin 7therectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010.Bushong, SC Radiologic erudition for Engineers Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St.Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001.Callaway, W, Gurley, L cornerstone to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996.Cesar LJ Computed skiagraphy its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68225,1997.Dowd, SB. The profession s hereafter leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992Fauber TL Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000.Fauber, TL & A Johnston, J Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012.Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards An Expertness, BerlinBundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004.Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo warren Green Inc 1984.More, C. Skill and the English working(a) Class, 1870-1914, London Cro omHelm. ( 1980 )Piaget, J. La psychologie de lintelligence, Paris Colin.1947.Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY,Eastman Kodak Company, 1993.Shephard, C Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003.Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society.Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of operate of Public, Private andForeign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007.Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. Measuring Consumer attitudestowards the market topographic point with tailored interview , diary of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist inDavao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. Apr il 22, 2012Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext tape transport protocol //www.medicalimagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008hypertext transfer protocol //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPESHOSPITALS.html Health Care Institutions Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5 budgetary RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final )Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system valuation reserve2 Calendar months 5,330Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000A? of the Contingency storehouse 1,623TOTAL P 17,853