Fast Food Centre in Bangalore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fast Food Centre in Bangalore - Research Paper Example This is then followed by a conclusion explaining why Wendy's International Inc., one of the largest fast food chains of the world must consider this location. M. G. Road is one of the busiest roads in the city of Bangalore and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets and restaurants. It runs from Trinity Circle at one end to Anil Kumble Circle at the other. It has many office buildings, shops and theatres. It is also a home to a large number of buildings and banks. Many Indian cities (including New Delhi and Mumbai) have an M. G. road, and in general there is no linkage between these various roads (except that in many cases, these happen to be the busiest part of the city). India, as the world sees it, is a developing country, showing great progress in its economy. Many MNCs of various industries have turned their attention towards India.The Indian middle class has grown so affluent that they can easily afford to eat out more often compared to a decade ago. In fact, according to a McKinsey report, the Indian food industry grew faster than the information technology industry over the last 10 years. Consumerism is big business in India. There will be 628 million middle-class Indians by 2015. And already, their net income has doubled over the last 10 years. Every multinational company now wants to sell in India. Some companies have failed and others succeeded. The ones that failed did so because they were not sensitive to the cultural factors that affect consumer behaviour in India. One of the key reasons for the increased consumption is the impressive growth of the middle class. At the start of 1999, the size of the middle class was unofficially estimated at 300 million people, larger than the entire population of the United States. And this figure is expected to grow to 445 million by 2006. A detailed survey undertaken by the economic think tank NCAER provides a quick view on how the proportion of the middle segments (UM or upper middle, M or middle and LM or lower middle) has grown over the years since the opening up of the economy. BANGALORE- AN OPPORTUNITY The convergence of professional lifestyles with the demand for fast, tasty food served in a pleasant environment make fast food ventures a leading market area. Bangaloreans are not strangers to the culture of eating out on a regular basis. But such facilities are a definite departure from the traditional fast food outlets. A whole host of trendy, readymade and fast food outlets have mushroomed around Bangalore's new malls and up-market shopping areas catering to time-constrained professionals and the well off middle classes. These new fast food options are burgeoning in Bangalore, because they fit in with changing middle class

Domestic violence Essay Example for Free

Domestic violence Essay Domestic violence is a term that can be easily defined as violence within the house between the partners. To have a domestic violence case, it does not need to be physical it can be emotional. According to the domestic violence organization (2009), domestic violence is defined as â€Å"Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating. † Which mean domestic violence can take place in any household it is not just a particular people that it happens to? It also does not matter the race or ethnic background. Domestic violence is not only words or something that one says to one another or physical contact, according to Mass organization (2013) domestic violence is â€Å"Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviors and tactics used by one person over another to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial abuse, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse. Domestic violence occurs in heterosexual, as well as same-sex partnerships, and crosses all ethnic, racial and socio-economic lines. † Although the studies of domestic violence are somewhat different, they give the same examples as to what is considered violence between domestic partners. For example; name-calling or putdowns, keeping a partner from contacting their family or friends, withholding money, stopping a partner from getting or keeping a job, actual or threatened physical harm, sexual assault, stalking, intimidation. Furthermore one may not even notice that there was violence until there is a threat or physical harm due to the fact that so many individuals are not educated about what abuse truly is and the proper steps to take in order to prevent abuse or prevent themselves from getting abuse. Many individuals attempts to fix their relationship by going to a counselor, which is a good step however it maybe something that they witness growing up therefore a counselor can only do so much for them. There are many different effects that could happen in the life of a child who is raised in an abusive home. For example, if the child being raised in the abusive home is a male, he is more likely to become an abuser for he may believe that it is okay to speak to anyone that way precisely women, on the other hand he maybe the type to defend his mother because he may have a different mindset and believes that his mother shouldn’t be treated that way and become really sensitive to other women because of the way his mother was treated. The other ways that this could impact the child is if that child is a woman, she may become paranoid of the opposite sex for she may believe that, the way her father as talking to her mother is the way that every man will be talking to her. On the other hand, she may become submissive if her mother was always submissive to her father through the abuse that she was receiving. Nevertheless she may also develop a low self-esteem believing that she was is worth much less than she does. According to the crisis center, some of the symptom that one may notice or hear from a child who is raised in an abusive home is: they may feel a complete self-powerlessness because they are unable to do anything to the frightening noises, threats that they see or hear. They may also experience a terrifying â€Å"storm of angry energy† around them during abuse. They may experience emotional abandonment, develop low self-esteem as mentioned before, behavioral problems, problems with anger, feels isolated, take on adult roles prematurely, experience depression and flashbacks. When all of these issues combine, we have a child who is not fully sociable and has many different issues that may prevent him from having a relationship or conversation to anyone whether it is a friend or a family member because they may believe that the person whom they are talking with may also abuse them. Often times they would be sensitive to certain impact. For example, if a person starts a conversation and it starts to get loud it may escalate to something much bigger than what it could be. In the United States, one may believe that abuse occurs more than other countries because in certain countries, abuse is not legal or some women will certainly not put with the issues. Often time it may result in fights or serious issues where one of the individuals has to live the house where they used to live. The different types of abuse that takes place affect a child differently. A great example that shows how a child might be affected badly by domestic violence is one of my close friends Ashley, while growing up Ashley would see both parents fighting and the fighting would be so bad to the point where her mom would not be able to sleep in the house after the situation occurred because the dad would threating her mom that if she sleep in the house he would kill her. Because of seeing this so often Ashley developed anger towards her father and the love that she once had for her father was long gone. Now Ashley is much older and she would tell he how the relationship that she is currently in would be affected because of the way she grow up seeing her parents fighting. In her current relationship, if her boyfriend would talk to her the wrong way or if he would treat her in a way that she did not like she would develop anger that she would hit him and then they would start fighting. Even though she knew that this was not right she did not feel any remorse because to her that was the only way to release her anger and also she had become accustom to seeing her father do that to her mom so to her it is not all that bad. This example shows how a child that is around domestic violence may display violence against their partner when they are of age. Each culture has its own view on the correct way to raise a child. Some culture believes that a child should not be able to work or have any responsibility, while there are other culture that believe that a child should have responsibility because that will be the best way for the child to grow up and not be dependable on no one and would be able to care for themselves when they become of age. No matter what culture, ethnicity or race one might be everyone is able to be a victim of domestic violence. In some culture for example Jamaica domestic violence is not accepted but it is not looked upon as a very bad thing where as the United States perception on domestic violence as a horrendous topic. While growing up in Jamaica I saw a lot of couple fighting, but often times the male partner is the abuser. While this is going on there are people in that area trying to stop him but was unsuccessful in doing so. Even though domestic violence is not looked upon as ok, it is not a crime that is so horrendous that the police will be involved. The only way the police would intervene is if a death occurred and then an arrest would be made. While in the United States if a domestic violence is taking place then the police would be notified. Depending on the severe ness of the case an arrest would be made. If the couple is only arguing or they became physical but no physical injury is noticed the police would ask one of the individual to leave the premises and cool off. This period is known as the cooling off period and often times does not always work and if the violence happens again then one of the individual involved or even both will be arrested. This is just two of many cultures that have different views on domestic violence. The United States is a diverse country, and even here most people based the life on their culture. In some culture a man is allowed to have more than one wife and the amount of money he has would determine the amount of wife he was allowed to have. In this culture the male is also looked on as the dominant one in the household and because of this he is able to do as he please with any of his wife without getting into any trouble. No matter what culture you are domestic violence is something that should not be tolerated no matter how much money one has or even their statue in life. Due to the fact that a lot of people are not aware of domestic violence and the signs to look out for when abuse is about to take place they don’t protect themselves and allow the abuse to take place. No matter what culture you are the main reason for domestic violence is power and control. According to life wire, different types of control in an abusive relationship are: Threatening to report their partner or threatening to withdraw a petition to legalize their partners immigration status or threatening to seek sole custody of any children if their partner reports the abuse or attempts to leave. In many cases children of different cultures that were victim of domestic violence grow up and abuse drugs and alcohol. To them they feel that all they saw growing up were their parents fighting or their dad abusing their mom or even the other way around, so why try and make something of them in the future if they will only become just like their parents. Children like this need close supervision and also need to be shown love on a daily basis so they won’t think about suicide or committing crime in the future. Some sociological consequences are, â€Å"the immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglect, isolation, fear, and an inability to trust can translate into lifelong consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. † There are other children that see their family member fight often and tell themselves that they will not be the same as their parents or family member. Children like these often are very dedicated to anything that they set their mind to and often accomplished their goal and become every successful in the future. They are also likely to treat their children with the utmost respect and show a lot of love for them because they do not want them to go through the same thing they went through. In concluding children are affected by domestic violence just as badly as the parents and often times even worse than their parents. Child abuse main role is power and control; because they are children they are looked upon as helpless and defenseless and are more prone to become a victim of child abuse. No matter what culture you are domestic violence is still considered as wrong and should not be tolerated. Knowing the signs of domestic violence will help prevent it from happening and also will help you protect yourself if it occurring and also make u aware of the steps that you can take to get justice for yourself. Nevertheless, one must always take into consideration that some child turns out to be sensitive towards others after witnessing abuse in the family and other turns out to be abusers. In addition male children are affected differently than female children.

Curbing crime against women

Curbing crime against women CURBING CRIME AGAINST WOMEN INTRODUCTION Despite existence of a number of special legislations for providing protection to women, the proportion of crime against women has deteriorated. Women continue to be victims of various types of crimes. Although Women may be victims of any of the crimes such as ‘Murder, ‘Robbery, ‘Cheating, etc, only the crimes which are directed specifically against Women are characterised as ‘Crimes Against Women. These are broadly classified under two categories. The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Rape (Sec. 376 IPC) Kidnapping Abduction for different purposes (Sec. 363 373 IPC) Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC) Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A IPC) Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC) Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC) Importation of girls (upto 21 years of age) (Sec. 366-B IPC) The Crimes under the Special Local Laws (SLL) Although all laws are not gender specific, the provisions of law affecting women significantly have been reviewed periodically and amendments carried out to keep pace with the emerging requirements. The gender specific laws for which crime statistics are recorded throughout the country are Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 The Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1979 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 Commission of Sati (Prevention) LITERATURE REVIEW Life in Delhi turns a daily nightmare for women from North-East New Delhi:The capital city of India has become a daily nightmare for women from the North-East of the country who are here to study or for work. A close study of reports shows that the community of about 100,000 people from the north-eastern states is under threat – virtually any day, any time – of assault, molestation, or murder. As many as 16 severe cases of molestation, rape and other forms of extreme cruelty perpetuated in Delhi against people from the North-East have been recorded so far in 2009. And, 4 of these incidents took place in the last two weeks. The worst cases of recent atrocities against people from the North-East staying in Delhi include the murder by Pushpam Kumar Sinha, 34, of a young girl from Manipur; molestation of a girl from Arunachal by school boys; molestation of a girl from Nagaland; and assault on a couple from Nagaland. On October 24, 2009, Pushpam Sinha, 34, a PhD scholar working at the India Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, assaulted and strangled to death Ramchanphy Hongray, the 19-year-old girl who is his neighbour, in her home in south Delhi. The man then burnt the girls face in order to mislead the police. At Sarojini Nagar in Delhi, on October 12, a girl from the North-East was dragged into a van. However, the presence of mind of the victim, who is an employee of a 5-star hotel, saved her life. After the girl raised a hue and cry, passersby caught hold of one of the assailants and beat him up. On October 17, a couple from Nagaland was assaulted by some young men, who were allegedly drunk, at Safdarjung Enclave. The same day, a 5-year-old girl from the North-East was allegedly molested by her tuition teacher. Earlier, in April 2009, a girl aged 6, was raped and murdered by her neighbour. The girls body was later fished out from a water tank nearby. These terrifying incidents have prompted YS Dadwal, Delhi Police Commissioner, to call for a ‘zero-tolerance policy towards any crime committed against women from the North-East. He has ordered that crimes committed against people from the North-East be given top priority, and asked 3 Deputy Commissioners from east, south and north Delhi to act as nodal officers for the safety of women. However, many members of the North-East community complain that the police have been slow to act. According to Madhu Chandra, spokesman for the North-East Support Centre and Helpline, a help centre for the youth from the north-eastern states living in Delhi and the National Capital region (NCR), there have been several cases of atrocities, but police are doing little about them and demanded that the Delhi government act sternly to check these incidents. About 4,000 students from the North-East take admission to various courses in Delhi University (DU) each year, and for them, every day in Delhi is like a nightmare, Madhu Chandra says. A survey conducted by the North-East Support Centre and Helpline has revealed that 86% (or about 86,000) people hailing from the north-eastern states and living in Delhi face some sort of discrimination or the other â€Å"on a daily basis.† The North-East Support Centre alleges that nearly half the number of women sexually harassed in Delhi and neighbourhood is from the North-East. He says that the Northeast Support Centre and Helpline is â€Å"flooded with complaints related to sexual harassment.† Most members of the north-eastern community are not happy with the police. Kamakshi Sinha, who hails from Assam and doing her undergraduate course in Delhi University, says that that the police circular is â€Å"just a piece of paper.† She complains that people in Delhi call them ‘Chinky and such other derogatory names, and the policemen ridicule them when they go to the police station to lodge a complaint. Another female student of Delhi University says that most girls from the North-East are even scared of approaching the police. â€Å"Police do not respond to our pleas, and we are treated like outcasts,† she laments. Meanwhile, Rahul Gandhi, MP and Congress general secretary, has said he will totally cooperate with the North-East Students Union in its efforts to curb the increasing menace of crime against both men and women the north-eastern states. Rahul Gandhi gave this assurance to a team of members of the North-East Students Union which met him to seek his support and intervention in the matter. ARTICLE:2 NCW gives wake-up call to curb crime against women Puneet Nicholas Yadav / DNA Thursday, January 15, 2009 2:27 IST New Delhi:Its a cry to check the rise in crime against women across the country, aptly titled, Jaago (wake up). The National Commission for Women (NCW) plans to soon initiate its nationwide Jaago campaign, to sensitise policemen and civil society about crime against women. The commission will shortly invite representatives of corporates, educational institutions and BPO companies to discuss the safety and security arrangements for women employees. The campaign is likely to be launched on January 16.The decision to initiate the campaign came days after a 22-year-old MBA student was allegedly gang-raped by 10 men in Noida. Girija Vyas, chairperson of the NCW said, Though the year 2007-2008 was a year of women achievers, it was also the year of crime against women. Horrific cases of rapes and molestation came to light in the year. The NCW received shocking complaints from across the country such as the rape of a 72-year-old woman and another rape case of a four-year-old girl. The recent Noida gang-rape incident was equally appalling. There is an urgent need to address the issue of crime against women and the Jaago campaign intends to do that. As part of the campaign, the NCW is tying up with several schools, NGOs and other groups to spread awareness about violence against women. The campaign would also address other issues such as checking harassment of women at workplace, molestation, women safety besides sensitising cops about dealing with women victims and accused. Vyas also agreed that there was a need to educate people in rural areas where theres an immense need to sensitise the people about womens rights and checking violence against women. The NCW chief quoted statistics based on complaints filed with the NCW and records available with the National Crime Records Bureau to establish how crimes against women had been on the rise in the country and specifically in UP. ARTICLE : 3 RECOVERY FUNDS AVAILABLE TO HELP CURB VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, IMPROVE VICTIM SERVICES HARRISBURG, Pa., Sept. 9 The Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency issued the following news release: Approximately $4 million in federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding is available to support and strengthen services to women who are victims of violent crime, the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency said today. The STOP Violence Against Women, or STOP/VAWA, Formula Grant Program also works to improve the criminal and juvenile justice systems response to violence against women. Interested applicants, including domestic violence and sexual assault programs, state organizations and counties, may apply through PCCDs Egrants system by October 6. Bill to curb crime against women soon EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE MUMBAI, JULY 18: The state government will soon bring in a legislation to curb crime against women, Deputy Chief Minister Chhagan Bhujbal announced in the Legislative Assembly today.Replying to supplementaries over a calling attention notice moved by Sudhir Munguntiwar (BJP) and others on burning of a bank employee Vidya Prabhudesai near Mumbai Central last month, Bhujbal also announced that a committee of women legislators would be formed to suggest measures for prevention and control of crime against women. A committee headed by Additional Chief Secreatry (Home) M R Patil had prepared drafts of two legislations Maharashtra Women Security Act and Maharashtra Prevention of Harassment of Girls Act. However, it was later decided to formulate a single comprehensive bill instead of two different bills on the same issue, Bhujbal told the House.Accordingly, the committee has been asked to prepare the draft within two months, he said. Munguntiwar asked if the government would form a committee of the woman MLAs for the purpose. Bhujbal said the government had appointed the Commissioner for Women and Child Welfare and a representative of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, who were well aware of the problems of women, as members on the committee. Further, the draft of the proposed legislation would be referred to the woman legislators for studying it and the amendments suggested by them would be incorporated. Irked over the reply, Vishakha Raut (Sena) protested against the Deputy Chief Ministers attitude towards women legislators and demanded immediate formation of the committee of women legislators. She was followed by other women members of Sena-BJP, who shouted slogans against the government. Finally, Bhujbal said that the government would fulfil the demand of the women legislators. On an another occasion, members of opposition Sena-BJP rushed to the well protesting against the ruling of the Deputy Speaker Pramod Shende on withdrawing a calling attention notice from the days agenda. The notice was moved by Opposition members on arrest of a person allegedly linked to `Lashkar-e-Toyba, a terrorist organisation, in Nanded. Gopinath Munde (BJP) sought to know why the government failed to gather information on the issue on time. Minister of state for home Manikrao Thakre said the notice was also related to arrest of terrorists in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Since the information from the two neighbouring states was not received, the government requested the presiding officer to take up the notice for discussion on Wednesday. RESEARCH METHODELOGY PRIMEARY DATA SAMPLING I had visited Delhi (west) and interviewed about 30 women (working + college going girls student) from where I came to know about different aspect of crime which are prominent there like rape ,sexual harassment, importation of girls and many more . They also suggested different way to stop this or to minimise it. After this I visited 30 more women in same area ask them to fill questioner. SECONDARY DATA Reported Incidents of crime (Incidence†¦1,54,333) A total of 1,54,333 incidents of crime against women were reported in the country during 2008 as compared to 1,40,601 during 2007 recording 9.8% increase during 2008. These crimes had reported an increase of 1.7% in 2001 over 2000 (from 1,41,373 cases in 2000 to 143,795 cases in 2001) and declined during 2002 and 2003 with 1,43,034 and 1,40,601 cases followed again by an increase during 2004. Andhra Pradesh, accounting for nearly 7.3 per cent of the countrys population, has accounted for 12.3% of total incidents of crime against women in the country by reporting 18,921 cases. Uttar Pradesh, with nearly 16.4% share of countrys population has accounted for 10.0% of total crime against women by reporting 15,485 cases during the year. Crime Rate (Crime rate†¦ 14.2) The rate of crime has increased by 7.6 per cent from 13.2 during the year 2007 to 14.2 during 2008. Delhi, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were top three States in the order of crime rate at 24.1, 24.0 and 23.5 respectively. Crime head-wise analysis (IPC) Rape (Incidence†¦18,233 Rate†¦1.7) Rape cases have reported mixed trends over last 5 years with a decrease of 2.5 per cent in 2004 over 2003, an increase of 1.8 per cent in 2005 over 2004, a decrease of 3.2 per cent in the year 2007 over 2006 and substantial increase of 15.0 per cent in the current year. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of Rape cases (2,875) accounting for 15.8% of total such cases reported in the country. However, Tripura has reported the highest crime rate 4.8 as compared to National average of 1.7. Incest Rape (Incidence†¦505) As compared to 15.0 percent increase in overall Rape cases, Incest cases have increased by 26.5 per cent from 399 cases in 2003 to 505 cases in 2008. Chhattisgarh (78) has accounted for the highest 15.4 per cent of the total such cases reported in the country Rape Victims Out of 18,233 reported Rape cases in the country, there were 18,239 victims of Rape. Of the total victims of Rape, 8.9% (1,622) were girls under the 15 years of age, while 11.0% (2,008) were teenaged girls (15-18 years). Nearly two-third (11,343) (62.2%) were Women in the age-group 19-30 years. 3,189 victims (17.5%) were in the age-group of 31-50 years while only 0.4 per cent (81) were over 50 years of age. Offenders were known to the victims in as many as 15,619 (85.6%) cases. Of these, parents/close family members were involved in 3.2% (505 out of 15,619) cases, neighbours were involved in 34.3% cases (5,358 out of 15,619) and relatives were involved in 6.6% (1033 out of 15,619) cases. The State/UT/City-wise details are presented in Kidnapping Abduction (Incidence†¦15,578 Rate†¦1.4) These cases have reported an increase of 17.2 per cent as compared to previous year (13,296). Uttar Pradesh (2,324) has accounted for 14.9 per cent of the total cases at the National level. Delhi has reported the highest rate at 5.8 as compared to the National average of 1.4. Dowry Deaths (Incidence†¦7,026 Rate†¦0.6) These cases have increased by 13.2% over the previous year (6,208). Out of the total such cases reported in the country around 24.3% cases were reported from Uttar Pradesh (1,708) alone followed by Bihar (1,029) (14.6%). The highest rate of crime (1.2) was, however, reported from Bihar and Madhya Pradesh as compared to the National average of 0.6 only. Torture (Cruelty by Husband Relatives) (Incidence†¦58,121 Rate†¦5.4) ‘Torture cases in the country have increased by 14.6 per cent over the previous year (50,703). 14.4 per cent of these were reported from Andhra Pradesh (8,388). The highest rate at 11.2 was reported from Rajasthan as compared to the National rate at 5.4. Molestation (Incidence†¦34,567 Rate†¦3.2) Incidents of Molestation in the country have increased by 4.9 per cent over the previous year (32,939). 19.4% of total such cases were reported from Madhya Pradesh (6,690) which also reported the highest rate (10.3) as compared to the National average of 3.2. Sexual Harassment (Eve –Teasing) (Incidence†¦10,001 Rate†¦0.9) The number of such cases has significantly declined by 18.9 per cent over the previous year (12,325). Uttar Pradesh has reported 26.8 per cent of cases (2,682) followed by Andhra Pradesh 23.1 per cent (2,310). Haryana has reported the highest crime rate 3.8 as compared to the National average of 0.9. Importation of Girls (Incidence†¦89) An increase of 93.5% in such cases was reported as 89 cases were reported during the year as compared to 46 cases in the previous year. Jharkhand (36) and Bihar (35) have reported highest number of such cases accounting for 40.4% and 39.3% respectively of total such cases at the National level. Crime-head wise analysis (Special Laws) Sati Prevention Act (Incidence†¦0) The practice of Sati is on the wane in modern times. Still sporadically, cases under this Act get reported. However, no such case from any of the State/UT was reported in the country during the year 2008. Dowry Prohibition Act (Incidence†¦3,592 Rate†¦0.3) The cases under this Act have increased by 33.8 per cent as compared to the previous year (2,684). More than one third (34.0%) cases were reported from Bihar (1,220) followed by Orissa (532) which also reported the highest crime at 1.4 as compared to 0.3 at the National level. Crime against Women in Cities (All-India†¦1,54,333 Cities†¦20,492) As per population census 2001, 35 cities having population over 10 lakh were identified as Mega cities. A total of 20,492 cases of crimes against women were reported from these 35 cities as compared to 19,573 cases in the year 2003 reporting an increase of 4.7 per cent. The rate of crime in cities at 19.0 was comparatively higher as compared to the National rate of 14.2 Among 35 cities, Delhi (3,334) has accounted for 16.3 per cent of total crimes followed by Hyderabad (1,978) (9.7%). The crime rate was significantly higher in Vijayawada (109.5) city as compared to all-cities rate of 19.0 only. Delhi city has accounted for 30.3% of Rape cases, 33.3% of Kidnapping Abduction cases, 19.8% of Dowry Deaths and 18.3% of Molestation cases, 14.8% of Cruelty By Husband Relatives among 35 cities. Faridabad of Haryana has reported 17.8% of Eve-Teasing cases (434 out of 2,434 cases). It is worthwhile mentioning that Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad and Mumbai were more vigilant in curbing these crimes as more cases under Special Laws Local Acts were booked in these cities. 32.3 per cent (422 out of 1,907) of cases under Immoral Traffic (P) Act and 79.4 per cent (247 out of 311) of Dowry Prohibition Act cases were booked in Bangalore city alone. 20.5 per cent (392 out of 1907) cases in Chennai, 13.4 per cent (255 out of 1907) cases in Coimbatore and 12.1 per cent (231 out of 1907) cases in Mumbai were booked under Immoral Traffic (P) Act. Similarly, 80.3 per cent (297 out of 370) cases under Indecent Representation of Women (P) Act were booked under Hyderabad City only. The increase in cases booked under SLL represent preventive policing of State/UT police. Keeping this in view, an attempt has also been made to analyse the Crime Against Women by excluding SLL crimes i.e. Sati STEP TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT Transitional Housing Assistance Program Grants For Victimized Women -Victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking i.e. women now can get adequate relief through the Governments Office on Violence Against Women (OVM) having twofold motive: to curtail violence against women and execute justice for and invigorate services to these victimized women. OVM accomplishes this intention through developing and assisting the capacity and capability of tribal, local, state and non-profit organizations concerned in addressing violence Grants And Sub Grants Provided To Stop Violence Against Women -The STOP Violence against Women Formula Grant Program was constituted with an aim to encourage integrated and multidisciplinary approach to improve response of the criminal justice system with respect to violent crimes against women. Under this program, efficacious law enforcement and prosecution strategies are encouraged to develop and strengthen their policies and procedures to curb violent crimes against women. Grant Programs To Stop Violence Against Women -United States government statistics revealed the most grueling picture: one in every four women becoming target of domestic violence and approximately 1.3 million women have been physically assaulted by her intimate partner. But women in rural areas facing sexual assault, domestic or other kinds of violence are more vulnerable than their counterparts in cities. Opportunities For Indian Tribal Government To Avail Grants -Grants for the Indian Tribal Government Program are formulated to empower tribes to respond to violent crimes against Indian women, ensure safety of the victims and develop their education and preventive strategies. The Indian tribal governments or their authorized designees are provided with the grants enabling them to initiate actions and programs on awareness about increasing level of domestic violence and sexual assault against American women and Alaska native women. Financial Aids To Reduce Violence Against Women -The STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program was constituted with an aim to encourage integrated and multidisciplinary approach to improve response of the criminal justice system with respect to violent crimes against women. Under this program, efficacious law enforcement and prosecution strategies are encouraged to develop and strengthen their policies and procedures to curb violent crimes against women Grants To Help Victimized Rural Women United States government statistics revealed the most grueling picture: one in every four women becoming target of domestic violence and approximately 1.3 million women have been physically assaulted by her intimate partner. But women in rural areas facing sexual assault, domestic or other kinds of violence are more vulnerable than their counterparts in cities. Rural women have to face many hurdles while receiving assistance; even service providers have to face barriers in the different form. Us Government Grants To Indian Tribal Governments Program -Grants for the Indian Tribal Government Program are formulated to empower tribes to respond to violent crimes against Indian women, ensure safety of the victims and develop their education and preventive strategies. The Indian tribal governments or their authorized designees are provided with the grants enabling them to initiate actions and programs on awareness about increasing level of domestic violence and sexual assault against American women and Alaska native women. DATA ANALYSIS By studying the primary and secondary data the situation of crime against women is analysed as given below: Crime Head-wise Incidents of Crime Against Women during 2004-2008 and Percentage variation in 2007 over 2008 TABLE-1 Crime head Rape Kidnapping Abduction Dowry Death Torture Molestation Sexual Harassment Importation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral Traffic (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act Dowry Prohibition Act 2004 16496 15023 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 2876 2005 16075 14645 6851 49170 34124 9746 114 0 8796 1052 3222 2006 16373 14506 6822 49237 33943 10155 76 0 6598 2508 2816 2007 15847 13296 6208 50703 32939 12325 46 0 5510 1043 2684 2008 18233 15578 7026 58121 34567 10001 89 0 5748 1378 3592 %variation 15.0 17.1 13.2 14.6 4.9 -18.8 93.5 4.3 32.1 33.8 Total 141373 143795 143034 140601 154333 9.8 TABLE-2 Proportion of Crime Against Women (IPC) towards total IPC crimes Sl.No Year Total IPC Crimes Crime Against women (IPC cases) Percentage to total IPC crimes 1 2 3 4 5 2003 2004 2005 2006-2007 2007-2008 17,71,084 17,69,308 17,80,330 17,16,120 18,32,015 1,28,320 1,30,725 1,31,112 1,31,364 1,43,615 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.8 SUGESSIONS Measures needed to curb Crime against Women The Government of India have to deeply concerned with these trends and ground situation and have to re-emphasized that urgent action should be taken on the following:- 1.Vigorously enforce the existing legislation relating to Crime against Women and Children, i.e.,DowryProhibition Act, 1961, Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 and Violence against Women (Prevention) Act, 2005, Section 67 of the IT Act, 2000, the display of lascivious photographs/films on computer through internet,etc. 2. The administration and police should play a more proactive role in detection and investigation of crime against women and ensuring that there is no under reporting. 3. Increasing the overall representation of women in police forces.The representation of women in police at all levels should be increased through affirmative action so that they constitute about 33% of the police. 4. Sensitizing the law enforcement machinery towards crime against women by way of well structured training programmes, meetings and seminars etc., for police personnel at all levels as well as other functionaries of the criminal justice system. 5. For improving general awareness on legislations, mechanisms in place for safety and protection of women, the concerned department of the State Government must, inter-alia, take following steps: Create awareness through print and electronic media; Develop a community monitoring system to check cases of violence, abuse and exploitation and take necessary steps to curb the same; Involving the Community at large in creating and spreading such awareness; and Organize legal literacy and legal awareness camps. Explore the possibility of associating NGOs working in the area of combating crime against women. Citizens groups and NGOs should be encouraged to increase awareness about gender issues in society and help bring to light violence against women and also assist the police in the investigation of crime against women.Close coordination between the police and the NGOs dealing with the interests of women may be ensured. There should be no delay whatsoever in registration of FIR in all cases of crime against women. 8.All out efforts should be made to apprehend all the accused named in the FIRimmediately so as to generate confidence in the victims and their family member Cases should be thoroughly investigated and charge sheets against the accused persons should be filed within three months from the date of occurrence, without compromising on the quality of investigation.Speedy investigation should be conducted in heinous crimes like rape. The medical examination of rape victims should be conducted without delay. Ensure proper supervisions at appropriate level of cases of crime against women from the recording of FIR to the disposal of the case by the competent court. Help-line numbers of the crime against women cells should be exhibited prominently in hospitals/schools/colleges premises, and in other suitable places. 12. Set up exclusive ‘Crime Against Women and Children desk in each police station and the Special Women police cells in the police stations and all women policethanaas needed. The specialized Sexual Assault Treatment Units could be developed in government hospitals having a large maternity section. The Health department of the StateGovts., should set up ‘Rape CrisisCentres'(RCCs) and specialized ‘Sexual Assault Treatment Units (SATUs), at

Statement of Educational Philosophy Essay examples -- Philosophy of Ed

Statement of Educational Philosophy What is a humanitarian? Webster's Dictionary defines it as one who practices philanthropy; an effort to promote human welfare. As a child, I always knew I wanted to become a humanitarian. I have always loved to help people, which I viewed as a very special gift granted from God. However, it never occurred to me that becoming a teacher would be the best way to share my gift. I always looked at health care options and even exceeded in the nursing program. However, it did not fulfill my dreams and standards of becoming a humanitarian. I wanted to enlighten people and make a difference in society. After starting the nursing program and working in the hospital, I knew it was not what I wanted to proceed with in my life. I needed a different way to make a difference. Patients were scared and sick which lead to unhappiness in my life. I searched my soul for the answer and it did not take me long to find it. I decided to become a teacher. It feels like the perfect way to express myself in society, and to contribute to mankind. I can think of many times when my teachers made an impact on my life. I want to be that teacher; the teacher that my former students can search the past and remember something inspirational that I said. I hope that something I said can help them in the real world. I want to become an elementary teacher at a local school. After I teach a few years, I plan to take classes in early education and work towards my master's degree. I also want to be active in extracurricular activities in the school. I think that sports and other activities are essential in a child's life. I believe that children who participate in such g... .... By giving students choices and listening to their opinions, they will feel less intimidated and victimized. My students will have responsibilities, when students are empowered they are less likely to vent rage. As a teacher, you must eliminate problems before they even start, you must let your students know who the boss is, and then become their friend. My educational philosophy is one of many. I believe in progressivism and many views of my own. I have adopted many of my viewpoints from my teachers of the past. The teachers that have made an impact on my life are the teachers that I want to become. Through the years, I have seen what students appreciate. I know what teachers I respected and what philosophies they used. I will become that teacher; the teacher that I thought was too hard on me. The one I now go back to and say "thank you."

Grizzly Man Essay

Grizzly Man In Grizzly Manï ¼Å'among the controversy stirred by the behavior of Treadwell, the central idea expressed in the film is that the nature is indeed indifferent and man should not cross the borderline between man and nature. Wild animals are not friends of human. Treadwell put all his heart to the cause of protecting the bears. He repeated in his films for many times that he loved them and he was willing to die for them. He tended to anthropomorphize them like many people do to the dogs and cats, but he forgot they were not those tame pets. He touched bears in a way that seemed to irritate them. He maybe had a belief and confidence that the bears also saw him as their friend and treated him differently. But in fact they didn’t. In the narrator’s opinion, â€Å"the common denominator of the universe is not harmony, hostility and murder.† Treadwell spent 13 years with the bears and he thought it was a wonderful and simpler world, he even wanted to become a bear, but in reality it is a hash world. In those big and ferocious bears’ eyes, they see only food and they never regard him as a friend. The narrator tells this observation at the end:†from all the faces, all the bears that Treadwell ever filmed, I discovered no kinship, no understanding, no mercy. I see only the overwhelming indifference of nature.† There is an ultimate invisible line between bear and human. The line has been respected by native people and the majority of the public. They know it is a very different world from the one where human lives. â€Å"when you cross the line, you pay the price.† the curator of the Kodiaks Alutiiq Museum mentioned this principle that has been strictly observed for 7000 years. He doesn’t agree with Treadwell’s behavior of staying too intimately with bears. He believes that â€Å"he has crossed the invisible boundary†, that is, the line which has been mentioned above. So even if Treadwell was repeatedly declaring that his main purpose was to protect bears from poachers, he didn’t realize that his behavior was another kind of invasion of their habitat and he was doing a lot of damage to them. He got close to those bears crazily and in un undue way. He violated the reasonable rule of the park that one should maintain at least 100 yards of distance from the bears. He lived with them and tried to make the bears get used to the existence of human, which was very dangerous for bears, and so on. As the narrator says in the movie, the best protection for the animals is that of their habitat. Any action of protecting animals by invading their habitat is not persuasive and of course can’t do any good to them. Like Treadwell, during his 13 years, he didn’t give bears any practical protection except serving them a delicious dinner with his and his girlfriend’s bodies. Life of Pi The view presented in this movie is that human and ferocious animals can co-exist peacefully if human can meet the survival needs of the animals and nature can give human hope and direction to survive. Darwin’s theory—the survival of the fittest, emphasizes the fierce and somewhat ruthless struggle of survival among the species and the individuals. It is indeed true in most cases. But in Life of Pi, it describes a picture of human and animal’s co-existence in a more harmonious way and proves that their struggle and contradiction are not so irreconcilable. In this movie, Pi was taught at his childhood by his father, that the animals, esp, the tiger, etc are not his friends. So at the first of the drift, Pi didn’t intend to co-exist with the tiger. He had had the chance to kill it. But his virtuous nature didn’t allow himself to do so. So he made the final decision to co-exist with this ferocious animal. He supplied the tiger with food and fresh water to survive so that he himself would not become the dinner of it. The threat to each other and the certain kind of peaceful co-existence helped them persevere to be saved at last. Even Pi himself admitt ed that â€Å"the fear of Richard Parker kept me alert. I wouldn’t survive without Richard Parker.† Human actually should be grateful to nature. Nature provides them with the animals living in it and therefore sustains human’s life. In the movie, nature is indifferent by the storm which caused the disaster of the ship’s sink and took away so many people’s lives. But on the other side, during the hopeless drift on the sea, nature also gave them food in the sea. It led him to the island when Pi had already lost his hope for survival, which made him regain the hope for life. Nature gave these seemingly coincidences to make for Pi’s survival from this disaster. Which kind of view do you agree with? Comparing two different views presented in these two movies, the former is more persuasive and reasonable. Handling the relations between human and nature, people should always remember that nature is indeed indifferent and keep a proper distance away from nature, especially the animals. Any human action which interferes with their natural life in an undue way will surely provoke the revenge of nature and pay a price for what they do. Guess of teacher’s view Teacher may agree that nature is indifferent but to some extent human and can get along well with each other unless both of them don’t cross the borderline and do harm to the other. Because America is a country which pays much attention to environment protection. They don’t encourage too much intimacy with nature for they know the ruthless and indifferent nature, so they do a good job in establishing the wildlife reserves. But on the other hand, they love to be close to nature.

True Feelings Essays - Everytime, Free Essays, Term Papers

True Feelings Essays - Everytime, Free Essays, Term Papers True Feelings what to do, sitting staring. you are so cute why cant i tell you that i like you. seeing you almost everyday and talkign to you makes me feel comforted. comforted like a child wraped in its blanket. knowing no limits i still cant confesss my feelings. you are my ex's friend and i cant take that why cant i be with you. happy and emotional with eachother. we do like the same things. thinking everytime i see you, does she like me. she is the only one i am afraid to ask. why is that. take me from this, tell me how you feel. you are sweet and kind

Color and Red Robin Garden Essay examples

Color and Red Robin Garden Essay examples Color and Red Robin Garden Essay examples Demonstrate understanding of design elements Introduction Texture Texture refers to the appearance and atmosphere of a surface. When used correctly it adds visual interest and detail and can emphasize a particular mood or feeling. As texture is often related to the feeling of an something it can, at times, make a two dimensional piece seem to be three dimensional which, in the case of the Red Robin Garden Creations’ website, will attract the eye of potential customers. Three-dimensional images are also more memorable as they can appear to be more life-like and therefore provoke a more emotional reaction from the viewer. In my design, I have not used texture. It is largely two-dimensional and therefore may not stand out to customers, as some other more textural sites will. Bathtub Gin www.bathtubginonline.com is an excellent example of a website which successfully uses texture. It uses multiple layers of texture to build an impression of intrigue and charm. Shading and illumination of the lights make the webpage appear to be three-dimensional. This sets the scene in a way that visitors to the site can identify with the brand. I should have used texture to create dimension in my webpage. Obviously, my skills would not accommodate a website of this level, but I could have used shading, for example, in my banner to make the grass stand out and look slightly more realistic. [Insert picture of banner] Colour By using colour, it communicates symbols. Different colours can portray different moods or place emphasis on important features of the design. It can be used to place focus on important information, attract the eye, tie together the layout, or prompt an emotional response. In my website I used mcolour to emphasise the fact that Red Robin Garden Creations is, in fact, a website advertising a gardening company. In the same way that a company which produces juice might have a slightly more orange colour scheme, I used greens and browns to help relate the website back to it’s purpose - providing information about Red Robin’s gardening services. I used coloured borders around the images on the website to place emphasis on them and draw the viewers eye in. The idea of this was that the first thing a potential customer saw when looking at the webpage was an image of the work that Red Robin Garden Creation’s has done. This is advertising what they are capable of in relation to gardening and gives an initial idea of whether or not they provide a service appropriate to your specific needs. Because the same coloured border is on all images on the site, it helps to tie the layout together. Value Value concerns the darkness or lightness of an area. It separates, implies a particular mood, creates a sense of drama and gives the illusion of volume and depth. An example of using value is with the use of a gradient or shading a shape to give it a three dimensional effect. Satisfaction Remote An example of a website which uses the design principle of value is www.satisfactionremote.com. As you can see, the background of this webpage is a gradient ranging from grey to black. In this instance, this suggests a professional mood as its very minimalistic and clean, using primarily only shades of greys and black. The area of the gradient that is lighter attracts the eye to where the text is located and the large, dominant image of an IPhone. This is because they are contrasted against the background. If I was to redesign my website I would use value to give certain aspects of the page more depth. For example, I could have given the items in the banner and logo shadows so they appeared to be standing out against the background. [Picture] Size By making and particular feature bigger or smaller it can show what’s most important and attract attention. Larger objects are generally more important and attract more attention. They tend to come forward on the page and provide contrast when places besides something

PTSD Research Paper

PTSD Research Paper Autumn JohnsonMarch 30, 2014MS.ChitaphongPTSD Research PaperDoes Henry have enough symptoms to be diagnosed with PTSD?In the short story "The Red Convertible" Louise Erdrich does a great job explaining how war can affect a person's mind and emotions. Henry is a great example of how veterans come home from war. Families are torn apart, some of them don't make it after war often because of suicide, or they become distant from the outside world. Erdrich explains this clearly and gives specific examples about it. The goal of this research paper is to explain how Erdich shows the effects of war and examples of how Henry has symptoms of PTSD.PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder) is a type of anxiety disorder. It can often occur after going through an extreme emotional trauma that involved the threat if injury or death. Symptoms are reliving the event, avoidance, and hyper arousal.A person with PTSD symptoms may also show signs of stress, anxiety, and tension. You may have something that re minds you of the event, dreams that may be about the event, flashbacks like the event is really happening again. You try to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event and you may avoid places activities or people that remind you of the event. You have negative changes in your thinking and mood. You may have negative feelings about yourself or other people, inability to experience positive emotions, feeling emotionally numb, lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed, hopelessness about the future, memory problems including not remembering important aspects of the event and difficulty maintaining close relationships.An Egyptian veteran wrote about his emotions before he went into battle. PTSD can also be found in survivor of the Holocaust, car accidents, sexual assaults,

Workforce Management of Singapore Airlines Essay

Workforce Management of Singapore Airlines - Essay Example The cabin crews in Singapore Airlines are recruited keeping in mind some basic objectives like not only being graciously presentable but also to reflect the feelings of warmth and friendliness. On the other hand, it also wanted to radiate a sense of authority and confidence in the pattern of their in-flight service. The recruitment function was carried along different ethnic groups from China, Malaysia, India and Eurasian communities. Cabin crews were recruited for both male and female within an age group of 20 to 25 years. The recruitment function contained stress and emotional interview rounds to judge the applicant’s ability to face such. Other parameters considered were communication, grace and posture and work experience. The need for a younger creed of cabin crew dismissed the recruitment of older people. This need to undergo a change for older crewmembers would mean less hassle in the functions of recruitment, selection, and training. Further, the taking of skilled and experienced new crewmembers also increased the chances of job-hopping by them. An interview conducted revealed that the crewmembers were not interested to suggest their brothers and sisters join Singapore Airlines for it did not provide a secured career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The training program for the young recruits was an extensive one. It covered not only the theoretical base in providing guidelines on professional and personal etiquettes but also had a practical part. The practical training was imparted to make the recruits familiar with handling several amenities but also in the preparation and serving of beverages and dishes on board. Punctuality was taken as an integral factor in the program where a person thrice late was debarred from attending.

Short analys about illuminati Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short analys about illuminati - Essay Example However, the controlling hand on both these parties is that of the Illuminati (Shore 2010). It is no coincidence that all the presidents of the United States are related to each other, with the majority of these candidates members of the pro Nazi covert society of Yale College called Skull and Bones (Shore 2010). An example of political manipulation is the war in Iraq for oil. Bush Sr. owns the company Carlyle Group, which is the world’s largest war corporation (Shore 2010). Bush Jr. started pushing for a regime changeover in Iraq as soon as he attained his post as the President (Shore 2010). The war in Iraq made Carlyle Group and Rumsfeld’s Bechtel Corporation billions of dollars, while Vice President Cheney’s oil company Haliburton Corporation was given the control of Iraq’s oil, worth trillions of dollars (Shore 2010). Another example of Illuminati control is the $1.3 trillion tax cut, out of which $1.2 trillion were distributed only among 43,000 families, including those of Bush and Cheney (Shore

Wage Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wage Labor - Essay Example They are portrayed as unfortunate and suffer at the hands of industrialists. On the contrary, the capitalists live in an upper class area where sun shines every morning. They are considered the fortunate ones. Their machineries churn and release steam in work areas and where labor lives. Through Fredersen, the film shows how people accumulate capital via expropriation in the sense that Fredersen’s father does not care about the welfare of his workers. For instance, when Freder tells his Father about the death of one of their workers, he fires his assistant Josephat so that he does not pay them their wages. Freder then starts thinking about the status of his workers. At the end of the film, he gets trapped in his industry and risks his life to save his labors (Freder). Similarly, in Chaplin’s Modern Times, the filmmakers try to present the matters between labor and the industrialists. In Modern Times, Charlie, the protagonist, performs the role of a struggling labor. He works at a grinding wheels industry where his boss often increases the speed so he could consume twice output from his labors. The movie shows the struggles of labor that they are not even allowed to interact directly with each others. In these two films, Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times, the filmmakers briefly show the differences and issues created between the labors and the capitalists. ... In Metropolis, filmmakers present the differences from capitalists’ perspectives and it is observed that makers try to favor the industrialists in the society. Despite of the fact that how badly Fredersens’ father behaves with his employees, his son the lead character of the film, acts kind with them. He was trapped in his factory and risked his life for the labors. He then starts being a good man and becomes the connecting factor between the two fractions of the capitalist society, the labors and the capitalists (Freder). Whereas in Charlie’s Modern Times, the makers strive to favor labors point of view by showing the story from their perspective. The film shows how a laborer struggles to adjust in the society after suffering hugely in the hands of different industrialists. Even after all the struggles and sufferings, Charlie still risks his life to save his boss from an accident (Chaplin). Analyzing the information it can conclude that the both films present th e issues between labors and capitalist in two different ways but the main highlight is to develop understanding the relationship between capitalist and labors. The similarity between these two films is the plot that demonstrates the interdependency of labors and capitalists. The plot of both films emphasize when labors are nothing without industrialists, these films portray that capitalists also cannot operate their industries without the labors. Both the movies talk about the dedication of labors and capitalist and try to remove the biases on capitalists of being unfair with their labors. The relationship between the government and business is evident in the films in the sense that the government seems to draft laws that controls the operation of the business in order to avoid public

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners Research Paper

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners - Research Paper Example In concentration and labor camps, innocent people suffered with physical pressures, such as intense hunger, crowded quarters, disease, exposure to severe punishment and bodily torture, and heavy labor. Prisoners were often humiliated by soldiers to the point of dehumanization. Their heads were shaved, they were forced to wear prisoner uniforms, and their identities were replaced by a number on their arm. Those individuals in hiding, faced constant concerns of being caught. Mental pressures experienced by all victims during this horrific period included painful separation from family and friends, a lack of knowledge as to what fate would bear upon loved ones, and uncertainty about one's own existence. With their own eyes, they witnessed the destruction of families and communities. The values and social norms by which these individuals had led their lives were completely destroyed. For most survivors, the events of the Holocaust were ongoing, uncontrollable, and unexpected. Many were proximally close to the traumatic events, witnessing terror and horror brought upon them by other human beings. The experiences involved separation from family and friends and long lasting consequences which in many cases could not be reversed. It is a prevalent concept that all Holocaust survivors suffer from enduring psychological and physical distress as a result of their earlier trauma experiences. In this paper I will assert that all Holocaust survivors cannot be considered a homogenous group with the same patterns of symptoms and characteristics. They not only managed to resume their lives after the war but actually had rich and varied lives, were vital contributors to their communities, and maintained stable family and work patterns. Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners For a long time, discussion of the Holocaust was considered a taboo subject. Survivors spoke little about it and others did not seem to want to hear. A deep curtain of silence hung over one of the most horrendous events in human history. A number of reasons contributed to this circumstance. For years following the war, survivors were busy reestablishing their lives and homes and tried hard not to remember the past. It was not until the 1960s that interest in the Holocaust became more fully developed. It was at that time that the mental health community first became involved in dealing systematically with the after-effects of Holocaust traumatization. This was partially due to the political-moral decision of the Federal Republic of Germany to provide indemnification to individual victims of the Nazi regime for the hardships that they had suffered. In order to claim restitution, it was necessary to prove the existence of a causal link between Nazi persecution and health status, including mental health status. It became evident at that time to many of the medical professionals workin g with the survivors, that a host of symptoms, seemingly without organic cause, existed among their clients. These symptoms experienced were often linked to atrocities committed against the survivors. It became essential to conceptualize clinically the symptoms and conditions that appeared quite regularly in a great number of the survivors. The Concentration Camp Syndrome/ Survivor Syndrome, as discussed by Krystal (1968), and many others became known nosologically as a relatively fixed, lifelong condition characterized by a broad range of symptoms that could be traced to the Holocaust experience. Holocaust Survivors The Concentration Camp Syndrome Symptoms of the Concentration Camp Syndrome included (1) lasting depression with features of vigilant insomnia,

Research paper - stdent Absences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper - stdent Absences - Essay Example Health related problems for children at school have always been a relevant social issue and the steps to reduce the impact are not new. The use of the nursing profession in school environments to reduce the impact of health related problems goes back by more than a hundred years. The focus of such activity was to reduce the spread of communicable diseases and diseases that have their origin in poor hygiene. The focus of activities and programs related to reducing health related problems of children at school remains the same even today (Wolfe & Selekman, 2002). Frequently encountered causes of health problems related to school absence by students find their origins in gastrointestinal and respiratory infections (Sandora, Shih & Goldman, 2008). According to Moonie et al 2008, absenteeism from school results in lower grades for the students and reduced psychological, social and educational interaction for these students. These factors cause schools to be alert to emerging health problems that could cause children to keep away from classes and to take steps to evaluate any such evolving causes and initiate action to remove the source or reduce its impact (Moonie et al, 2008). The band master of Truman Middle School in his report to the Principal has observed that on Wednesday, May 20, one-third of the students who were supposed to attend the band class did not attend the class. The Principal is reminded of an earlier occasion, when students absented themselves from school activities due to an outbreak of flu and requests assistance in determining whether a heath related problem exists and the possible measures to be taken to address it (Messages). Truman Middle School does have a health problem that may be either an outbreak of viral infection or from gastrointestinal infection that originates from the poor food hygiene practices at the food

Poetry in Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry in - Assignment Example At the deathbed, the persona is willingly distributing earthly possessions to heirs, only for a buzzing fly to unexpectedly interrupt the will-assignment process. In this context, the fly is a symbol used to reinforce the idea of earthly distractions while trying to achieve spiritual composure just before death (Bennett 82). Admittedly, Emily Dickinson intended to demonstrate the element of skepticism or lack of absolute certainty common during inevitable but tragic situations in human life. Technically, the poet employed the literary device of symbolism in delineating mental and spiritual conflicts experienced by humans before dying. In the first line of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz – when I died.† In essence, the persona is already dead. However, the persona is reminiscent of the moments just before death struck. In this case, the buzzing fly is a symbol; a symbol of earthly distractions and a symbol of how man relates with distractions in the natural world. After the poem’s first line, the symbolic effect of the buzzing fly fades, until when the fly abruptly interrupts the persona while distributing earthly possessions to those present at the deathbed. In lines ten, eleven and twelve of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I willed my Keepsakes – Signed away what portion of me be assignable – and then it was there interposed a Fly† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the buzzing fly re-enters the room and invariably distract the dying persona from his will-assignment duties. Before the buzzing fly entered the room for the second time, the perso na had achieved a state of calm and resolved spiritual composure. The achieved spiritual calmness at the dying moments is illustrated by lines two, three and four of the poem which says, â€Å"The stillness in the room was like the stillness in the air between the heaves of storm† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the dying persona was experiencing

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners Research Paper

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners - Research Paper Example In concentration and labor camps, innocent people suffered with physical pressures, such as intense hunger, crowded quarters, disease, exposure to severe punishment and bodily torture, and heavy labor. Prisoners were often humiliated by soldiers to the point of dehumanization. Their heads were shaved, they were forced to wear prisoner uniforms, and their identities were replaced by a number on their arm. Those individuals in hiding, faced constant concerns of being caught. Mental pressures experienced by all victims during this horrific period included painful separation from family and friends, a lack of knowledge as to what fate would bear upon loved ones, and uncertainty about one's own existence. With their own eyes, they witnessed the destruction of families and communities. The values and social norms by which these individuals had led their lives were completely destroyed. For most survivors, the events of the Holocaust were ongoing, uncontrollable, and unexpected. Many were proximally close to the traumatic events, witnessing terror and horror brought upon them by other human beings. The experiences involved separation from family and friends and long lasting consequences which in many cases could not be reversed. It is a prevalent concept that all Holocaust survivors suffer from enduring psychological and physical distress as a result of their earlier trauma experiences. In this paper I will assert that all Holocaust survivors cannot be considered a homogenous group with the same patterns of symptoms and characteristics. They not only managed to resume their lives after the war but actually had rich and varied lives, were vital contributors to their communities, and maintained stable family and work patterns. Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners For a long time, discussion of the Holocaust was considered a taboo subject. Survivors spoke little about it and others did not seem to want to hear. A deep curtain of silence hung over one of the most horrendous events in human history. A number of reasons contributed to this circumstance. For years following the war, survivors were busy reestablishing their lives and homes and tried hard not to remember the past. It was not until the 1960s that interest in the Holocaust became more fully developed. It was at that time that the mental health community first became involved in dealing systematically with the after-effects of Holocaust traumatization. This was partially due to the political-moral decision of the Federal Republic of Germany to provide indemnification to individual victims of the Nazi regime for the hardships that they had suffered. In order to claim restitution, it was necessary to prove the existence of a causal link between Nazi persecution and health status, including mental health status. It became evident at that time to many of the medical professionals workin g with the survivors, that a host of symptoms, seemingly without organic cause, existed among their clients. These symptoms experienced were often linked to atrocities committed against the survivors. It became essential to conceptualize clinically the symptoms and conditions that appeared quite regularly in a great number of the survivors. The Concentration Camp Syndrome/ Survivor Syndrome, as discussed by Krystal (1968), and many others became known nosologically as a relatively fixed, lifelong condition characterized by a broad range of symptoms that could be traced to the Holocaust experience. Holocaust Survivors The Concentration Camp Syndrome Symptoms of the Concentration Camp Syndrome included (1) lasting depression with features of vigilant insomnia,

Poetry in Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry in - Assignment Example At the deathbed, the persona is willingly distributing earthly possessions to heirs, only for a buzzing fly to unexpectedly interrupt the will-assignment process. In this context, the fly is a symbol used to reinforce the idea of earthly distractions while trying to achieve spiritual composure just before death (Bennett 82). Admittedly, Emily Dickinson intended to demonstrate the element of skepticism or lack of absolute certainty common during inevitable but tragic situations in human life. Technically, the poet employed the literary device of symbolism in delineating mental and spiritual conflicts experienced by humans before dying. In the first line of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz – when I died.† In essence, the persona is already dead. However, the persona is reminiscent of the moments just before death struck. In this case, the buzzing fly is a symbol; a symbol of earthly distractions and a symbol of how man relates with distractions in the natural world. After the poem’s first line, the symbolic effect of the buzzing fly fades, until when the fly abruptly interrupts the persona while distributing earthly possessions to those present at the deathbed. In lines ten, eleven and twelve of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I willed my Keepsakes – Signed away what portion of me be assignable – and then it was there interposed a Fly† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the buzzing fly re-enters the room and invariably distract the dying persona from his will-assignment duties. Before the buzzing fly entered the room for the second time, the perso na had achieved a state of calm and resolved spiritual composure. The achieved spiritual calmness at the dying moments is illustrated by lines two, three and four of the poem which says, â€Å"The stillness in the room was like the stillness in the air between the heaves of storm† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the dying persona was experiencing

Analysis of Conspiracy Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Conspiracy Essay Within two hours the senior officials seem to casually discuss the most practical way of eliminating the Jewish race and conclude with the final policy solution. The film is based on the Wannsee protocol or the minutes the document which is authored by Adolf Eichmann and the document was found 1947 by Robert Kemper. The film is dramatized for entertainment purposes, meaning that it is not fully accurate because the creators tended to take certain liberties in making the film. Although at the end it is stated that the film ‘is based on a true story, with some scenes, events, and characters created or changed for dramatic purposes’. The issue still remains that most people tend to take films at face value, and do not bother doing further research about the topic at hand also the ending credits to do make that much of a difference to those people. The film as a historical source faces some limitations because it runs for ninety minutes when focusing on issue as deep as the origins of the final solutions, ninety minutes is not enough time to go into depth. The film would have been more valuable as a historical source if it had involved itself more in the debate of the origins of the final solution. However, film makers have a different duty from Historians their purpose is to entertain and not educate. The strongest limitation is the dialogue which is actually quiet misleading, because Pierson dramatizes it for entertainment purpose and it is mostly fictional. Eichmann stated in his testimony in 1962 that the last twenty minutes of the meeting were words like extermination and liquidation were used was removed from the official summary and summed in one sentence. Pierson and Mandel fail to analyse the document that the film is based on ‘minutes’ rather it summaries and add on fictional scenes for entertainment. For example in film Kritzinger protests against the idea of extermination because Hitler had promised him that this would not become a state policy. We also see another fictional scene where Heydrick pressures other senior officials Kritzinger and Stuckart to support him during the meeting there evidences suggests that he did not need to pressure them because he was powerful. During the first part of the meeting the senior officials discuss various solutions to the Jewish question, sterilisation of those with Jewish blood is discussed, and here the division between the politicians and the military can be seen. In the second part of the meeting the atmosphere becomes more serious when Heydrick suggests gas chambers and the rest of the men find out that S. S have already begun building extermination camps. The film should have clarified that Jews were already being murdered on an organised scale, Pierson slightly neglected that point. Film makers’ face the same problems Historians face when using the Wannsee protocol document, it is very open to interpretation when translated into English. Holocaust deniers have used the document to argue that Hitler had no involvement in the planning or implementing the final solution. Furthermore, Holocaust denier David Irving has argued the Wannsee conference was about immigration of the Jews, when testify during his trial he pointed that words such ‘killing’ or extermination of the Jews were not used in the conference. However in the film words like kill or exterminate were used, which is another inaccuracy because in the actual document killing euphemism are used instead. However Eichmann did confirm in his 1962 trail that after the meeting had ended the men became less restrained and freely discussed killing methods however this was deleted the official summary and replaced with one sentence. The film overplays the role of the Wannsee conference; Gerlach argues that the meeting occurred not to discuss the fate of Jews in Europe but for Heydrick to seek support from other senior officials. The conference was originally schedule for the 9th of December but happened on the 20th of January giving Heydrick time to prepare the new task based Hitler’s ‘basic decision’. Unlike other Historical source the film industry seem to have shallow research which it tends to exaggerate, this is one of the issues with this film. For this film to be an adequate historical source it should have not put so much emphasis on the conference and also focused to the prior events. Also the film does not address Hitler’s role in the final solution, most historical sources on this topic have done so, and Hitler’s role is one most controversial aspects of this topic. The relevance of the conference is widely debated amongst scholars, with conventional Historian arguing that the murdering of Jews had begun at the latest in December 1941 long before the conference. When focusing on the origins of the final solution the film gives an inaccurate perspective because although it mentions that the extermination camps were being built it fails to mention a mobile version of the gas chamber was already in use. In June 1941 the Soviet Union territory that was under Germany saw Jewish men of military age being executed by special mobile forces. On the 8th December an SS command unit used gas vans to kill Jews from neighbouring districts of Wartherland, clearly the preparations of the final solution began before the Wannsee conference. Clearly the final solution was already in place before the conference so there is no need place too much emphasis on it like Pierson. In conclusion, overall this a good film however if it is used as a historical source it should not be taken at face value. It is very good in delving into the bizarre Nazi psychology and behaviour and sophisticatedly highlights how their belief of the Nazi ideology had led them to dehumanise the Jews.

The Reproductive Health Bill

The Reproductive Health Bill Public opinion is the aggregate of individual dispositions and beliefs with regards to important issues. Public opinion holds great importance in democracies because a democracy, by its very definition, connotes a form of government that is responsive to the people. Democracy is most often defined as a set of procedures and institutions intended to make the holders of political power directly responsible to the electorates. The quality of democratic government is measured by the responsiveness of public policymakers to the preferences of the mass public. For that reason, public opinion will always play an important role in policy-making process in the Philippines, a democratic country. Views and opinions of the general public should be taken into consideration in formulating, passing and implementing a policy. Hence, stakeholders and interests groups roles are very vital in affecting policy outcomes since stakeholders and interest groups are the means through which public opinion is brought in the Halls of the Congress. In view of this, the government is faced with the need to balance the conflicting views of different stakeholders, interest and pressure groups in the decision-making process. This is clearly exemplified in the controversial Reproductive Health bill. This paper studies the different stakeholders involved in the Reproductive Health Bill and the degree in which they affect policy outcome based on the resources and resource mobilization capacities they have. The first part of this paper includes definition and the presentation of health and population situation in the Philippines. The second part focuses with the provisions, debates and proponent of RH bill. The third part provides an analysis of the different stakeholders and resources and resource mobilization capacity that they have. Lastly, the examination of how these stakeholders and interest groups can actually affect policy outcome and the degree on which they affect it. The controversy of RH bill led to many implications. Reproductive health is now a byword that enthralled the public attention. Therefore, there is a need to define the term based on a standard definition. Reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so (World Health Organization). Although this appears to be the only definition of the term in any international document, the definition implicitly implies that reproductive health includes the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant (International Conference on Population and Development, 1994). Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015 is one of the two targets of Goal 5, Improving Maternal Health. Due to this, a comprehensive study of the reproductive health in the Philippines is greatly needed and in turn, to develop and actually implement a policy that will give Filipinos equal chances to the right to reproductive health and develop programs that will seek to address problems related to reproductive health in the country. Over the past 30 years, developing countries population have rise up almost twice the rate of those in the developed and advanced countries. As an effect, a number of people have caught up with high infant mortality, low life expectancy, disease, malnutrition and illiteracy. Rapid population growth causes difficulties in managing economic and social changes, including the balancing of the fruits of economic development efforts (Leverage International, 2011). Governments of the Third World countries and as well as of those developed nations recognized that the measurement of economic development is not based only on economic indicators such as income distribution but also by the quality of life of its people (Leverage International, 2011). Philippines, as a developing country, experiences rapid population growth. According to the 2007 Census by the National Statistics Office (NSO), the Philippine population was 88.57 million and the estimated population as of 2010 is 94.3 million and this made the country as the 12th most populous country in the world. This high population results to high infant mortality rate which is 19.94% in 2010. In addition to this, the lifetime risk of maternal death in the Philippines is 1 in every 140, according to United Nations International Children Emergency Funds State of the Worlds Children 2009 report. Each day, about 11 Filipino mothers or 4,500 each year die because of hypertensive disorders, severe hemorrhage or other labor- or abortion-related problems. The country is also part of a group of 68 countries where 97% of worldwide maternal, neonatal and child health deaths occur. Moreover, the county is witnessing the fastest spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in its history. Five new HIV cases are recorded everyday according to the National Epidemiology Center of the Department of Health. High infant mortality rate, high maternal mortality rate and a number of HIV cases are not the only problems that the Philippines is experiencing in relation to reproductive health. Because of the lack of a concrete reproductive health and family planning policy and program in the country, unwanted pregnancy incidences become high. Due to this, Filipino women are forced to undergo induced abortion as one of the methods that they use to meet their reproductive goals. Although abortion is illegal in the Philippines, and despite the potential harmful consequences of an unsafe abortion for womens health and life, many women resort to abortion to meet their family-size goals or to space births (The Guttmacher Institute, 2003). The Incidence of Induced Abortion in the Philippines: Current Level and Recent Trends (2005), a study conducted by Fatima Juarez, Josefina Cabigon, Susheela Singh, and Rubina Hussain for the Guttmacher Institute revealed the following: Six in 10 Filipino women say they have experienced an unintended pregnancy at some point in their lives. About 1.43 million pregnancies each yearnearly half of all pregnancies in the Philippinesare unintended. Some 54% of women who have ended an unintended pregnancy by abortion were not using any family planning method when they conceived. Of those who were practicing contraception, three-fourths were using a traditional method. The average Filipino woman wants 2.5 children. In order to achieve that goal, she must spend more than 19 years using effective contraceptive methods. However, nearly half of all married women of reproductive age have an unmet need for effective contraceptionthat is, they are sexually active, are able to have children, do not want a child soon or ever, but are not using any form of contraception or are using traditional methods, which have high failure rates. Aside from induced abortion that can lead to deaths, other problem due to the lack of reproductive health policy is the risk of acquiring cervical cancer. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually-transmitted, wart-forming virus that has been implicated in causing cancer of the cervix. This is the most common cancer in women secondary to breast cancer (Department of Health, 2008). Due to these findings and other statistics such as high infant and mortality rates, these imply that there is an immense need for a policy to ensure the right to reproductive health in the Philippines. Although reproductive health has long been considered a basic universal human right, this right remains elusive and illusory for millions of Filipinos, especially the poor. The first comprehensive version of reproductive health bill, House Bill 8110 or The Integrated Population and Development Act of 1999 was filed in the 11th Congress. Twelve years after, the country still does not have a reproductive health policy and the issue of the current reproductive health bills remains a heated and controversial issue as the first RH bill. Today, the struggle of RH advocates still continues for the passage of a comprehensive reproductive health bill. House Bill 4244 or The Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health and Population and Development Act of 2011 is the most recent version of a reproductive health bill that was filed in the 15th Congress. H.B. 4244 is popularly known as the consolidated RH bill in substitution to the other reproductive health bills that are pending in the Congress. The other reproductive health bills are as follows: House Bill 96 (Rep. Edcel Lagman) An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population Development and for Other Purposes House Bill 101 (Rep. Janette Garin) An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population Development and for Other Purposes House Bill 513 (Reps. Kaka Bag-ao and Warden Bello of Akbayan Partylist) An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development and for Other Purposes House Bill 1160 (Rep. Rodolfo Biazon) An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health and for Other Purposes House Bill 1520 (Rep. Judy Syjuco) An Act to Protect the Right of the People to Information on Reproductive Health Care House Bill 3368 (Rep. Luzviminda Ilagan and Emmi de Jesus of Gabriela Womens Party) An Act Providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health for Women and Development and for Other Purposes H.B 4244s objectives are as follows: To uphold and promote respect for life, informed choice, birth spacing and responsible parenthood in conformity with internationally recognized human rights standards. To guarantee universal access to medically-safe, legal and quality reproductive health care services and relevant information even as it prioritizes the needs of women and children. To realize these goals, the consolidated RH Bill has the following key provisions: Mandates the Department of Health (DOH) and Local Health Units in cities and municipalities shall serve as the lead agencies for the implementation of this act. Mandates the Population Commission, to be an attached agency of the Department of Health, shall serve as a coordinating body in the implementation of this Act. Provides for the creation of an enabling environment for women and couples to make an informed choice regarding the family planning method that is best suited to their needs and personal convictions. The LGUs and the DOH shall ensure that a Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for reproductive health, including maternal and neonatal health care kits and services will be given proper attention in crisis situations such as disasters and humanitarian crises. Provides for a maternal death review in LGUs, national and local government hospitals and other public health units to decrease the incidence of maternal deaths. Products and supplies for modern family planning methods shall be part of the National Drug Formulary and the same shall be included in the regular purchase of essential medicines and supplies of all national and local hospitals and other government health units. Ensures the availability of hospital-based family planning methods such as tubal ligation, vasectomy and intrauterine device insertion in all national and local government hospitals, except in specialty hospitals. Provides for a Mobile Health Care Service in every Congressional District to deliver health care goods and services. Provides Mandatory Age-appropriate Reproductive Health Education starting from Grade 5 to Fourth Year High School to develop the youth into responsible adults. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall ensure that employees respect the reproductive health rights of workers. Mandates private and nongovernment reproductive health care service providers to provide at least forty-eight (48) hours annually of reproductive health services free of charge to indigent and low income patients, especially to pregnant adolescents. Mandates cities and municipalities to provide sexual and reproductive health programs for persons with disabilities (PWDs). Mandates the inclusion of the topics on responsible parenthood, family planning, breastfeeding and infant nutrition as essential part of the information given by local Family Planning office to all applicants for marriage license. Mandates no less than 10% increase in the honoraria of community-based volunteer workers, such as the barangay health workers, upon successful completion of training on the delivery of reproductive health care services. Creation of Congressional Oversight Committee (COC) which shall be composed of five (5) members each from the Senate and from the House of Representatives which shall monitor and ensure the effective implementation of this Act, determine the inherent weakness and loopholes in the law, recommend the necessary remedial legislation or administrative measures and perform such other duties and functions as may be necessary to attain the objectives of this Act. Penalizes the violator of this Act from one month to six months imprisonment or a fine ranging from ten thousand to fifty thousand pesos or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the Court. H.B 4244 covers all other six pending RH bills in the Congress but despite the clear purpose of the bill, the enactment of RH bill is long overdue. On the other hand, RH bill advocates see the passage of the consolidated RH bill in the 15th Congress since it was already approved by the House Committee on Population and Family Relations last February 1 and it was also approved by the Committee on Appropriations with a vote of 20-3. Last March 8 which is incidentally the International Womens Day, RH bill reached the plenary. Biliran Representative Rogelio Espina, chairman of the Committee on Population and Family Relations, delivered his sponsorship speech on Committee Report 664. Three of the six sponsors of the bill also delivered speeches urging for its passage Minority Leader and Albay Representative Edcel Lagman, Gabriela partylist Representative Luz Ilagan and Akbayan partylist Representative Arlene Kaka Bag-ao. Meanwhile, President Benigno Aquino III ordered Health Secreaty Enrique Ona to draft the Responsible Parenthood Bill that would perhaps serve as a middle ground between RH advocates and the Church. Moreover, the President did also not include RH bill as part of his list of policy priorities after the Church issued a pastoral letter entitled Choosing Life, Rejecting RH Bill. Though Rep. Lagman believes that the Malacaà ±ang-sponsored version of the RH bill would not be able take the place of a more comprehensive RH bill since it is limited to the issue of family planning and responsible parenthood. Moreover, Health Secretary Ona is a known advocate of reproductive health and family planning. His public pronouncements have confirmed that he, like his predecessor Sec. Espie Cabral, is unwavering in his belief that RH is a basic human right. Because of this, Cong. Lagman believes that the crafting of the Responsible Parenthood bill would and should not delay the passage of the consolida ted RH bill. Cong. Edcel Lagman of the First District of Albay is the principal author of the consolidated RH bill. According to him, the incidences of infant and maternal mortality in his own district are within the range of the national average. As a solution, they have set up lying-in clinics and birthing centers in the upland and island barangays of the first district of Albay so as to ensure that mothers in far flung barangays can be given emergency and basic obstetric care. However, the problem of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity goes beyond the First District of Albay. The preventable deaths of mothers and children happen on a national scale so the need to formulate a national policy on reproductive health is imperative. Although he is a Catholic he believes that like many other Catholics in the country, they can be good Catholics and still support a measure like RH bill that puts a premium on quality of life and the protection and fulfilment of the basic human rights to reproductive health and sustainable human development. He also noted that the word catholic when used as an adjective means all-embracing, forward-looking and liberal. The antonym of catholic is conservative, narrow-minded and intolerant. That is why it is very ironic that the Catholic Church particularly the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) strongly opposes RH bill. Rep. Lagman is also the newly-elect chair of one of the ruling party in the country, the Lakas Kampi Catholic Muslim Democrats (CMD). However, because of the nature of the party system in the Philippines, this position in his party would not guarantee the passage of RH bill. According to him, his colleagues are free to support or oppose an issue as they see fit. Members of his party are not required to vote for or support RH bill. It is interesting to note that the former President and the incumbent representative of the second district of Pampanga, Rep. Gloria Arroyo, who is a member of the Lakas Kampi CMD is known to be a critic of RH bill. In line with this, the conflicting views on RH bill do not only occur inside Congress. Central to the issue of RH bill is the political dynamics of the numerous actors involved in affecting the passage of the said bill. The different stakeholders and interest groups play important roles in the deliberation of the policy. This put the challenge to the legislators to balance and to be able to reconcile the conflicting views of these stakeholders and interest groups. But how did citizens start to participate in the decision-making process? Due to influx of information, there came a higher level of consciousness among citizens. Peoples desire to participate in decision-making process amplified. People demand more of representation and participation in the government. In less complex times, elected representation was a sufficient means for most citizens to participate in government. Recently, for a number of reasons, including the diversity of citizens cultural heritage, needs, values, and interests, that has been changing and of course, the changes brought about by modernization, there is now a strong desire for citizens to be involved broadly in governance and directly in policy decisions. Governments, especially in developing countries, are very vulnerable and they are being assessed based on their economic and political performance. And one of the bases of a governments political performance is its capacity to provide venues for peoples participation and involvement. Hence, views and opinions of the general public should be taken into consideration in formulating, passing and implementing a policy. For this reason, one of the biggest challenges which government faces is the need to balance the conflicting views of different interest groups in a particular policy. This problem is very much observed in the issue of coming up with a reproductive health policy in the Philippines. Conflicting views and opinions from numerous actors and stakeholders in the reproductive health bill have always marred the passage of the said bill. Certain sectors and segments of the population will definitely be affected upon the implementation of the said policy and they also have different views regarding the passage of RH bill. However, the stakeholders who have the resources to influence or actually determine the success or failure of the reproductive health bill are the Roman Catholic Church, the women sector and pharmaceutical companies in the country. The table below shows an analysis of the four primary stakeholders in the RH bill. From the stakeholders listed above, the Catholic Church and organized women groups are the primary actors in the debate in adopting a reproductive health policy in the country because they are the most visible in terms of their campaign for or against the said policy. The Catholic Church is the main critic of the reproductive health bill because it argues that the policy is anti-life because it promotes the use of modern contraception measures. Also, it argues that RH bill does not really address poverty. In the researchers interview with Archbishop Oscar V. Cruz and Carmelo Cruz, Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) News Editor, they said that the Catholic Churchs judgment in the political performance of former President Ferdinand Marcos that significantly contribute for making EDSA People Power I happened in 1986 is the same as their opposition to the six pending reproductive health bills in the Congress. Their opposition to the immoral regime of Pres. Marcos is the same as their opposition to an immoral policy, the reproductive health bill. (This was also written in CBCPs Pastoral Letter entitled Choosing Life, Rejecting RH bill issued last January 30, 2011.) Moreover, they believe that it is not the poor Filipino people who will benefit from the implementation of the reproductive health bill but the foreign owners of transnational pharmaceutical companies who will supply modern contraceptives. They also believe that if a reproductive health bill will be enacted into law, it will paved the way for the introduction and passage of other policies such as policies on divorce, mercy killing and same sex marriage. The Catholic Church believes that the passage of a reproductive health bill will deteriorate the authentic human values and as well as the Filipino cultural values in accordance to the teachings of the Church. Archbishop Oscar V. Cruz said that although reproductive health bill can lessen infant and maternal mortality, he argued that the reason behind infant and maternal mortality and morbidity is poverty and inaccessible to basic health care services. According to him, health care services are inaccessible to poor families because of bad governance and corruption, services are not delivered to poor communities because public official corrupt the money that is intended for communities welfare. For these reasons, the solution to infant and maternal mortality in the country is not the reproductive health bill, the solution needs to focus to the root causes of the problem which is bad governance and poverty. However, the Catholic hierarchy said that is not against the elimination of violence against women, the treatment of breast cancer, maternal and child health and nutrition and other elements of RH. It is only against making modern family planning methods available to women and couples and the teaching of sexuality and RH education to the youth. The Church believes that RH bill would violate the teachings of the Church specifically the 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae which is the basis of the Church teaching that contraceptives are intrinsically evil. The Church has been firm in its stand against RH bill. The Church is having dialogues to the current administration to turn down RH bills that are pending in Congress. Moreover, the Church through its archdioceses and dioceses consults representatives from each district for them to be convinced not to vote for RH bill. Also, the CBCP issues statements to inform the public why RH bill should not be enacted into law. And what is more important is the impact of the Catholic Church in shaping or influencing public opinion since majority of Filipinos are Catholics. Some officials are threatened that their stand regarding the issue on RH bill might affect their political careers. Because of the strong opposition of the Catholic Church to adopt a reproductive health policy in the country and the resources it has to affect the decisions of public officials, the passage of the bill becomes impossible despite the need for a reproductive health policy in the country. Last January 30, CBCP issued a pastoral letter against RH bill. As an effect, the President did not include RH bill from among the Legislative Executive Development Advisory Councils policy measures that probably would unduly delay again the passage of RH bill. If the Catholic Church strongly oppose RH bill, organized womens groups tell the other side of the story. Womens organizations such as Gabriela Womens Party and Likhaan Center for Womens Health Inc. stalwartly campaign for the passage of RH bill. These RH advocate groups believe that the rights of people to reproductive health do not depend on a few powerful men deciding the fate of women (Likhaan, 2011). In the explanatory note of House Bill 3368 introduced by Gabriela Womens Party, it states that Filipino women do not have to die at childbirth just because they are poor, they do not have to suffer from undiagnosed cervical, breast, vulvar, ovarian or similar cancers of the reproductive system just because they do not have access to adequately staffed and equipped public health facilities Women do not have to suffer from untreated uterine fibroid or such similar conditions just because diagnostic procedures are costly, women should not die at childbirth because their infants need th em for optimum care, love and affection if children are to grow up to realize their full potential as productive and responsible members of our society. Due to these reasons, access to reproductive health programs, resources and services for marginalized women needs to be guaranteed by the government. A national reproductive health policy is seen to offer health care services that will basically benefit women, especially the marginalized. Advancing reproductive health rights in a comprehensive, available, accessible, acceptable, and democratic manner is a long overdue mandate of the Philippine government to its female population given the social and economic realities in the country. Hence, the approval of legislators to pass RH bill is indispensable (Likhaan, 2011). According to Junice Demeterio-Melgar, the executive director of Likhaan and Secretary-General of Reproductive Health Advocacy Network (RHAN), family planning will save the lives of mothers because family planning changes the composition of child-bearing. This means that pregnancies in women who are considered at a higher risk of dying from pregnancy and childbirth-related causes will be dramatically reduced. These are women who are too young, too old, have had too many children or have had unremitting pregnancies. Medical experts have stated that pregnancy in women below 18 or above 35 is considered high risk. They have also emphasized that womens bodies need anywhere from two to three years to fully recover from the rigors of pregnancy and childbirth. Moreover, the World Health Organization concludes that if women have information and access to contraceptives and are taught to use them properly, the fall in maternal mortality is likely to be even greater than the fall in the pregnancy rate. With their struggle for the passage of RH bill, womens groups tied up with other RH advocates to pressure legislators to pass RH bill. Reproductive Health Advocacy Network (RHAN), which has forty-three (43) national organizations with no less than 10,000 members in grassroots communities nationwide, continues to have dialogues with the President and with their recent dialogue, RHAN reminded the President about his Social Contract, which included a commitment to responsible parenthood based on informed choice and support to poor families. RHAN, specifically Likhaan, is disappointed with the Presidents decision to resort to a Responsible Parenthood Bill instead of a more comprehensive RH bill. According to them, further dialogues of the President to CBCP will trap his administration into delay and inaction, or push it to drop the freedom of choice principle in the Presidents promise of responsible parenthood since the Church will always disagree to any RH bill because its opposition to RH is based on the core principle of human life, it is clear that immovable religious beliefs are the bedrock of the bishops opposition to RH as pointed out by the recent CBCPs pastoral letter. Further dialogues or consultations will never change the stance of the Catholic Church. Aside from dialogues, advocates continue to hold fora and debates on the issues of RH and human development from schools and universities to service clubs and community-based organizations. In addition, they hold mobilizations and rallies in front of Congress to pressure legislators to enact the said bill. Both stakeholders prove to be significant and effective in their campaign for or against RH bill. However, the Church as an established and one of the most powerful institutions in the country which affect public opinion has an advantage in affecting the outcome of the said policy. However, RH advocates do not only have the superiority of numbers but they also have the superiority of arguments. Although the Church has the capacity to influence or even shape public opinion, perhaps the case on the debate on RH bill is isolated. Recent survey results show that majority of Filipino and Filipino Catholics support RH bill. Although the RH critics say that people are only misinformed about the content of the measure, advocates say that the capacity of Filipinos to understand an issue like RH, responsible parenthood and population and development should not be underestimated. People support the RH bill because they realize how important it is to become a responsible parent. Filipinos also believe that is not only important for them to be able to plan and space their children, it is equally important that the State provide information on and access to all forms of family planning methods. The following data are results of SWS and Pulse Asia surveys: Social Weather Station (October 2008) 71% of Filipinos are in favor of the RH bill; 76% of Filipinos agree that there should be a law requiring government to teach family planning to the youth; and 68% believe that there should be a law requiring government to distribute legal contraceptives like condoms, pills and IUDs Pulse Asia (February 2010) 93% of Filipinos consider it important to have the ability to plan their families; 82% of Filipinos believe government should teach couples about all methods of family planning; Another 82% of Filipinos say that it is the governments duty to provide the people with knowledge, services, and materials on all methods of family planning; 75% of Filipinos consider it important that a candidate for election includes modern family planning in the program of action he will pursue; 64% of Filipinos will vote for candidates who publicly promote modern methods of family planning with only 6% saying that they will not vote for such candidates. The rest were undecided; and A considerable majority of Filipinos (63%) want the RH bill to be passed into law with only 8% expressing opposition to the measure. Even Catholics have spoken: They want the RH bill passed. 68% of Catholics believe that government