Business Context And Strategic Environment Essay

In the modern business arena, stiff competition has made many companies to diversify their product line in order to retain the existing customers and attract new ones. In addition, firms have established strong ties with their customers through effective fulfillment of ethical and social obligations. This has not only resulted to high profits for such companies but it has also enhanced strong customers’ loyalty and good image to both the government and the general public. This paper keenly discusses the ways in which Easy Jet, an airline company based in London fulfils its ethical and social obligations. Easy Jet Company is a major airline company in Britain which is known for its large number of routes and high number of passengers. With more than 500 routes the company is able to effectively carry its passengers to different regions including North Africa, West Asian and in European countries. One of the major reason as to why Easy Jet Company has been performing well in the market is due to the application of the acquisition strategy. By acquiring other smaller companies, Easy Jet Company has been able to widen its customer’s base leading to higher profits. Ethically the company has been in the fore front in ensuring that passengers have been provided with quality services. In order to ensure that passengers are attracted towards the company services, the management team led by Carolyn McCall, the CEO has reduced the prices of its services. This in turn has created a strong positive relationship between the customers and the company (Dunn and Graham, 2007). Environment conservation strategies are other social aspects which Easy Jet Company has effectively established. This is based on the fact that due to its high number of routes, the company aircrafts emits high amount of carbon which is a major cause of global warming. In order to address noise pollution which is also a major challenge facing the company Easy Jet has adopted ICAO which is a strategy aiming at improving their aircrafts and reducing noise. In the same way, the company has undertaken some major strategies in collaboration with other companies in order to reduce environmental pollution. The first strategy is that the company has reduced unnecessary flights. This has been achieved through introduction of point to point technique. This implies that aircrafts will minimize extra routes in order to reduce the level of carbon emitted in the air. In addition, the company has adopted the policy of taking the shortest distance between any two destinations. As a result, the amount of carbon emitted by the Easy Jet aircrafts has drastically reduced leading to environmental benefits. Secondly, the company effectively utilizes its resources and aircrafts. This entails maintaining an average flight time of 1. 9 hours and 20 minutes turn around time. Thirdly, Easy Jet uses the services of new aircrafts in its operations. By retiring old aircrafts and adopting modern ones the company has been able to maintain environmental friendly policies. This has also been achieved through replacement of the aircrafts after every 10 years of operations. Similarly Easy Jet has adopted modern technology which aims at reducing the amount of fuel used and giving information to the cabin crew about the rate of fuel consumption by the aircrafts. Through the introduction of a modern aircraft referred to as A319, the company has been able to reduce the consumption of fuel by 2%. As a way of showing its commitment in conserving environment, Easy Jet greatly contributed in the formation of European Single Sky regulations which are geared towards reduction of negativities brought about by flight delays. The company has also participated in various meeting with other European based companies in order to ensure that air pollution is effectively addressed. Use of modern technology is another factor which has made Easy Jet maintains a high level of professionalism. This involves adoption of paperless office. Through the use of computers and scanners, the hard copy documents are scanned and then disposed. The company has a well maintained recycling facility which ensures that all the papers used are reused and sensitive company information effectively is properly secured. In the same way the company packaging policies ensures that the materials used in packing its products can be easily recycled. In order to ensure that waste materials from the company are at minimal level, the company has emulated products which are not perishable. Easy Jet Corporations has taken various measures in order to fulfill its social obligations. Open office policy is one of the major aspects which have been adopted by the company in order to create an effective interaction between the employees and the senior managers. In turn, this has enhanced high level of motivation among the employees leading to a rise in their level of productivity. Another significant social aspect adopted by Easy Jet is the use of intranet. This has improved the operations of the company in that the employees and other stakeholders have been able to contribute in the decision making process in the company (Jones and Lois 2007). In addition, the use of intranet has enabled the employees and the customers to be informed about the daily and long term operations of the company. In order to make the employees be part of the company, senior managers have provided opportunities through which employees can publish various issue which affects them during their duties. Such issues include technical, costs of operations and employment aspects. Through regular updates via intranet, customers are able to arrange with the company regarding their journeys. Easy Jet social obligations have also been achieved through the use of online chart forum which is initiated monthly in order to create a strong connection between the directors and the employees. In order to supplement the benefits of the intranet within the company, directors have also introduced magazines which have wide range of information regarding the company. Examples of such magazines are Plane times, Cabin fever and The stable approach. Extrinsic motivation of the employees is also an imperative social issue that Easy Jet Company has initiated. This has been achieved by adopting GoMAD rewards scheme whose aim is to recognize and reward the hard working employees (Brignall and Miles, 2006). This has reduced the rate of employees’ turnover leading to more profits and reduced costs of training new employees. In order to ensure that there is no racial segregation within the company, Easy Jet is an equal opportunity employer. This is based on the fact that anyone can apply for a job in the company regardless of the age, disability or sex. As a result the company employees’ fraternity is comprised of people from different backgrounds. Provision of efficient and safe working environment is another fundamental social issue that Easy Jet has initiated. This has produced positive results in the form of increased productivity by the employees and high level of profits for the company. In addition, the interrelationship between the senior managers and other employees has been positive due to the involvement of all the stakeholders in the decision making process. Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is clear that Easy Jet Company has successfully achieved its ethical and social obligations. The directors have come up with rules which are geared towards maintaining high level of ethics among the employees. These rules includes keeping accurate and full records, keeping all dealing legitimate and refusing bribes from suppliers or customer. The strict following of these rules and environmental conservation policies has made the company attain a competitive edge in the air transport industry.

Science Assignment

To investigate whether the ripening of bananas will speed up when placed with already ripe bananas in a brown paper bag. Hypothesis: The brown paper bag and already ripe bananas will ripen the unripe banana quicker. Investigation Design: The control of the experiment will be a pair of two unripe bananas which will not have any interference with their natural ripening process until the end of the experiment. The independent variable will be the presence of ripe bananas in one scenario, as well as a brown paper bag in the second scenario. The dependent variable will be the ripening of the banana.Everything else, the room temperature, type of banana, etc, will remain common to ensure the experiment is valid and reliable. To increase reliability, the experiment should be repeated. Method: 1 . Collect six unripe bananas, four ripe bananas and a brown paper bag 2. Set one pair of unripe bananas on a bench/table 3. Set down a pair of unripe bananas as well as a pair of ripe bananas, alongsi de the first pair, making sure they are at least 1 Com away from the first pair 4. Set down the remaining four bananas (two ripe, two unripe) another Com away from the previous bunch; place these in a brown paper bag. 5.Take photos of each of your three bunches, separately 6. Record your observations in a table 7. Wait a day before repeating step 5 and 6. 8. Repeat step 7 until all bananas are ripe. Risk Assessment: Be careful where you Step, there may be bananas on the floor, or other obstacles. Be careful with the paper bag, this is to avoid paper cuts. The main component of the experiment is edible; keep family members and other observers away! Results: Daly – Friday 14th June Bananas were purchased and the experiment was set up. The ripe bananas came from the same hand, as did the unripe ones. The experiment will be conducted indoors.Day 2 – Saturday 15th June The unripe bananas in all three bunches have shown a slight change in color, they are becoming more yellow . The lone pair of unripe bananas are very slightly behind the other 2 bunches. Day 3 – Sunday 1 6th June Both bunches of bananas that weren't in the brown paper bag showed that they did ripen. The bunch of bananas in the brown paper bag did show a slight, but certain, difference to the others, they are ripening quicker. Day 4 – Monday 17th June The difference between the bunch in the brown bag and the other 2 bunches is starting to become more noticeable, although this is only by close analysis. Front, they are still all fairly alike. Day 5- Tuesday 1 8th June The brown bag bananas have shown a massive difference in their ends, not so much their middle parts. The others are ripening too, but not at the same rate. Day 6 – Wednesday 19th June The lone bananas are ripening naturally and are now a satisfying yellow. The mix of ripe and unripe bananas is very slightly more yellow than the first bunch. The bunch from inside the bag is ripe too, with the already ripe bananas beginning to rot. Day 7 – Thursday 20th June Within the week, the plain bananas have ripened quite well to produce a well pipe and ready to eat fruit.The next set of bananas is just as ripe; with the originally ripe bananas starting to rot (this may be simply due to natures course). The bunch from the bag are definitely more yellow, with the originally ripe bananas getting quite a few brown marks to show the beginning of them rotting. Day of Observation Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Bunch 1 (2 unripe bananas) Green (no change) Green slight yellow tinge Green -> yellow tinge Green -> almost completely yellow Green yellow except for each end Green yellow Green -> completely yellow Bunch 2 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas)Green and yellow (no change) -Green -s slightest tinge -Yellow haven't changed -Green -> yellow tinge -Green -> almost completely yellow -Yellow are becoming a darker shade of yellow -Green yellow except for each end -Yellow are slowly browning -Green -> yellow -Green completely yellow -Yellow are beginning to show brown dots Bunch 3 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas in a brown paper bag) -Green slight yellow tinge -Green almost completely yellow -Yellow are not beginning to brown -Green yellow except for tiny part on each end -Yellow are browning -Green yellow -Yellow are beginning to rot -Green completely bright yellow Yellow are now major brown and rotten Research and Analysis: RESEARCH When bananas are harvested they are placed in a ‘ripening room' to replicate the climate conditions of heat and humidity. These conditions are constant, much like those of my experiment. Due to the set temperature of these rooms, the bananas start to respire. The ethylene given off by bananas, as well as other fruits, helps to kick start the ripening process. This is somewhat like my experiment in the sense that the brown paper bag was holding the ethylene in. This ethylene may have also effected the second bunch, although to as much be cause they did not have a bag to confine the ethylene in. The natural ethylene of bananas is the same as the ethylene artificially produced in these ‘ripening rooms.To delay ripening may remove ethylene gas, which cannot be completely done as they do contain ethylene. Placing a banana alone may help support the delay of ripening it; this is much like bunch 1 in my experiment. Even though it was indoors, the varying temperature made the ripening process differ to that of a temperature controlled room. Although this may replicate bananas ripening in a natural way to an extent. ANALYSIS Strengths: The experiment contained a control which helped with comparisons. All the controlled variables were kept the same. The 3 bunches allowed more conclusions to be made about the effects of not only a brown paper bag, but also the presence of other bananas.The photos were taken at the same time of day, to increase reliability of results. Weaknesses: Naturally, bananas ripen under sunlight, which we did not carry out. Only color, not taste, was assessed as an indicator of ripeness. The bananas may not have been sufficiently spaced to properly isolate them from each others' paving off of ethylene gas. Comments: The already ripe bananas showed a more noticeable change, which was not expected. The bananas ripened quicker than expected, which made the experiment have a shorter duration time. The difference between the three different bunches was not as significant as I expected. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis, and the research also backs up this.

The Global Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Global Village - Essay Example Perhaps, even the feelings of sadness would visit me as I make my travel papers ready. Of course, I will also wonder about the new country that I’ll be living in. I certainly would be excited if it were a nation in Europe, or an Asian country, like Japan or China. However, I would have serious reservations if it were Central Africa, or a highly conservative Muslim nation. I prefer working in a country that is not wracked by wars or insurgencies for practical reasons. Also, I want to be safe and secure from needless danger. I do not mind having a foreign roommate as long he or she is friendly and maintains good hygiene. I have no problems getting along with people of different nationalities, setting issues of language aside. I have no problems meeting new people and making new friends while being abroad. It will be a meaningful experience and would also be of much help as my stay in a foreign country goes by. Appreciation for other people is always a good thing, and it will also give me a chance to learn their own culture and

Criminal Law 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law 1 - Essay Example The general rule at common law is that when a defendant has caused a victim's death, and has been proved to have had the necessary mens rea for murder, he may be able to avoid a conviction for murder by establishing that he comes within the scope of the defence of diminished responsibility. In such instance, if the defendant succeeds with the defence, his liability is reduced from murder to manslaughter, the sentence for which is at the discretion of the judge. This form of manslaughter is described as "voluntary" because there will have been evidence that the defendant did intend to kill or cause grievous bodily harm bur certain kinds of extenuating circumstances partially excuse his conduct. In the present case, Arnold had recently been diagnosed, but not treated, with severe depression. This is a ground for diminished responsibility. The rule is that if the defendant can prove on a balance of probabilities a defence of diminished responsibility, he will be guilty of manslaughter rather than murder. The statutory basis for the defence of diminished responsibility is set forth in section 2 (1) of the Homicide Act of 1957 which provides. "Where a person kills or is party to a killing of another, he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing." An abnormality of mind is a state of mind which the reasonable man would consider abnormal. It is thus defined widely. In R v. Byrne (1960) 2 QB 396, the defendant had strangled a young woman and then mutilated her body. He claimed he was subject to an irresistible or almost irresistible impulse because of violent perverted sexual desires which overcame him and had done so since he was a boy. There was evidence that he was a psychopath, and could exercise but little control over his actions. The defence of diminished responsibility was rejected by the trial judge, and the defendant was convicted of murder. The Court of Appeal allowed the defendant's appeal on the basis that the trial judge had been wrong to exclude, from the scope of the defence, situations where a defendant was simply unable to exercise any self-control over his actions. Lord Parker, CJ said: "Abnormality of mind means a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal. It appears to us to be wide enough to cover the mind's activities in all its aspects, not only the perception of physical acts and matter, and the ability to form a rational judgement whether an act is right or wrong, but also the ability to exercise will power to control physical acts in accordance with the rational judgment. According to the commentaries of Clarkson and Keating (2003), diminished respon

Do online classes provide a good education Essay

Do online classes provide a good education - Essay Example I thanked her, responded to her congratulating comments with extreme gratitude and instantly dialed my mother’s number after putting my instructor’s phone down. She was excited to hear of my achievement but not as much as I had expected. The reason was obvious. It was not that she wasn’t happy that her only daughter had scored wonderfully in her college finals but it was actually that the thought of the completion of the degree program had revived in her the concern that she was unable to support my university education on her own. Being a single parent she had always maintained the roles of both a mother and a father for me. She had never made me feel how hard she worked to earn the bread and butter for both of us. But now that I had reached passed out college, it was about time that if I wanted to continue my education I should be able to do it by earning for the expenses on my own. I couldn’t help but smile and thank God! This was me four years ago and today I had completed my university degree. Sitting in the comfortable chair of my recently renovated office I sipped from my coffee mug and bid farewell to the webpage of my online university that had been the most surfed pages in my internet surfing history for the past four years. I had been able to complete my university degree along with earning the finances for it myself by working as a junior credit analyst at an accountancy firm and also pursuing my ACCA degree in an online university simultaneously. I must admit that I was pretty skeptical at first. But almost five years down the memory lane, I would suggest anyone who takes an advice from me to pursue an online degree for higher education especially if it meant to be at a far away physical location as it was in my case. A resident of a third world country by birth, I had always aspired to fulfill my

The search for independance in tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The search for independance in tibet - Essay Example The issue of Tibetan independence involves a long term debate which comprises of two conflicting views of the government of the People’s Republic of China and that of the Tibetan government in exile. (Norby, 2007) According to the scholars and the Tibetan government in exile none of the several foreign invasions in Tibet had been conducted by the Chinese dynasties.(Norby, 2007) While the Chinese government claims to rule over Tibet since 1200s, the historical accounts say that during the 13th century the actual rulers were the Mongols. (Norby, 2007) In the, 1700s the Qing dynasty of Manchuria invaded Tibet and ruled until 1912 when the Republic of China took over. But still the thirteenth Dalai Lama ruled Tibet independently without any significant intervention by the Chinese government. (Norby, 2007)Thus from historical account it is evident that Tibet was never ruled by China and had a unique ethnicity throughout (Norby, 2007). The problem in Tibet started to arise in 1950 after the creation of the People’s Republic of China under the Chinese Communist Party (Yeoman, 2008). Initially the Chinese government planned to improve the conditions of the historically exploited Tibetans and integrate Tibet with the mainland China and Tibet signed a 17 point treaty for peaceful integration in 1951 after the invasion of the territory by the People’s Liberation Army in the same year. (Yeoman, 2008) However, opposite to the hopes of the Tibetans, the Chinese government took steps to destroy Tibetan traditions and cultures in the name of modernization which came as a serious blow to the traditionally independent minded Tibetans and they rose to regain their independence (Yeoman, 2008). With this uprising, began a new era of Chinese suppression on the Tibetan people and the government led by the 14th Dalai Lama (Yeoman, 2008) The violent suppression exercised by the Chinese government killed thousands of

Analysis of Final Solution File by Stargardt Assignment

Analysis of Final Solution File by Stargardt - Assignment Example The next issue and the most important one is the final solution. These final solutions are the events that marked the end of the battle. It is ironical to call these events a final solution when they were catastrophic to the target. The final solution resulted in the death of about five million Jews including women and children. The historical explanations for why the Holocaust happened are wide and varied. Many different historians have stacked different claims and explanations for the motivation of the Germans to kill the Jews. The events happened during the World War II and the Nazi regime had blamed the Jews for their defeat in the World War I. One of the key factors that led to the extermination was Hitler’s personal anti-Semitism. The hatred brewed in Hitler and he received pseudo-scientific notions of biological racism in prewar and blamed the defeat on the Jews. Prior to the Holocaust, Hitler is recorded as declaring an annihilation of the Jews in Europe if the â€Å"international Jewish financiers should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war† (Stargardt, 2001). The actions of the Nazi regime were also an indication of the virulence of its anti-Semitism. In all these ideologies, Hitler is the central actor who plotted the killing of the Jews from the onset. The second explanation is a contrast to the first one and blames the way the Nazi state worked for the Holocaust. The functioning of the state was characteristic of giving an opportunity for local initiatives and autonomous decisions from the local level. This situation was enhanced by the blurring of institutional demarcations lines and the decentralization in the country. Further, the bureaucratic competition played a hand in aggravating the animosity that was proffered against the Jews.

Acid rain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acid rain - Assignment Example Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which are dangerous gases produced through burning fossil fuels undergo intricate chemical reactions when they come into contact with water to cause acid rain.4 Adopting the use of low-carbon or even zero-carbon energy sources such as solar will therefore help prevent acid rain in future. Innovations have also contributed to an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which transforms into acid rain. For instance, Casper asserts that motor vehicles are some of the largest contributors of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.5 In this respect therefore, future developments in creation of motor vehicles and other motorized engines that produce less carbon dioxide will help eradicate acid rain. For instance, Casper notes that major universities in the U.S. and Canada started experimenting with solar powered motor vehicles as early as 2005.6 In a nutshell, prevention of acid rain in future will result from people adopting or embracing activities and processes that result to minimal discharge of carbon dioxide into the

Overview the facts involved with managing in a unionized environment Essay

Overview the facts involved with managing in a unionized environment how does it differ from managing in a non-union environme - Essay Example The employees who are in unions ensure that their rights are not undermined and even sick times are seen as an entitlement or right instead of a benefit, and even coaching is seen as discipline and employees will challenge it. Employees in unions feel that if the management was good, there would be no problems in the workplace, and this makes them strive for better management all year. Managing employees who are unionized will differ from managing non- unionized ones in various ways. Union Management Relationship Unions will make it their business to ensure that respect between the employer and employees is key, and the employer must respect the union as the only bargaining agent of the employees. Additionally, the union must also respect the employers’ right to manage the workers and direct them, and this means that both parties must acknowledge their rights and obligations. Employers are also expected to allow employees to join unions of their choice, and this will include t he rights to strike without fear of being punished, coercion or harassment from the employer. This mutual respect will create a workforce where if concerns are raised they will be looked into because all the parties are aware of their responsibilities, and this helps in eliminating disputes. A co-operative union management encourages all the parties to a collective agreement that will reconcile differences and foster good relationships through a collaborative manner that is build on principles of mutual benefit, fairness, respect, dignity and trust (HR Council for the Nonprofit Sector, 2012). On the other hand, workers who are not in a union may not get these benefits as the management may dictate on them on the work they are to do failure to which they will be punished. Collective Agreement Managers in a unionized environment must reach at a collective agreement, which is a written consensus between the employer and the union regarding the terms of employment for the covered employ ees. This agreement is legally enforceable, and an employer cannot change its provisions. It acts as a bargaining unit and will stipulate a fair and equitable pay and working conditions (HR Council for the Nonprofit Sector, 2012). A collective agreement will be used to settle disputes in the workplace as there are laid down regulations that will dictate the conduct of each party and this helps in creating a conducive workplace. On the other hand, managing employees who are not in a union is different as there may lack a collective agreement, and this may result to many disputes in the organization which will be hard to resolve. Union Structure A union undergoes certification, and after this, it is given the legal right as an exclusive bargaining agent for a group of employees in a particular organization. For it to be satisfied it must demonstrate that employees support it as their bargaining unit and once certified it acquires the right for bargaining for employees after the worker s have set out a constitution, laws and procedures for the union. A bargaining committee is selected which will speak on the employee’s behalf and the employer must recognize the union as the bargaining unit. Contrary to this, employees who are not in a union lack a bargaining unit and the management may

Photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Photography - Assignment Example Photograph 2-2 shows a picture of a bride. It talks about shooting wedding photographs like any other professional without having to retake the shots. It’s all about passion and then getting the right shot and having confidence in yourself. In photo 3-3, shooting on a tripod stand makes the camera still and steady. This provides a chance to capture tack-sharp shots. Therefore, the quality of the tripod comes a long way in ensuring one gets shots like a pro. In order to get those quality photos one has to invest much on the accessories that accompany any shooting. In photo 3-4, it’s not only about changing the camera settings, but also getting the right equipment and more so what the pros use. Photograph 4-2 shows a ball head, which is used to position a camera at any angle with one turn of the knob. Like a tripod, a good ball head comes with a price which is worth. Photo 5-2 describes how a release cable allows one to get a tack-sharp shot. The cable is attached to the camera and upon pressing of the button the photo is taken without necessarily pressing the shutter on the camera which would otherwise compromise the sharpness of your photos. Photo 5-3 details the B&H as trusted dealers in camera and all accessories because of their professional photographers who offer the best advice and have cheaper more quality products that meet a photographer’s needs perfectly. Another technique of getting a sharp photo, especially in the field is using â€Å"The Death Grip’. As depicted in photo 6, holding a camera with the strap twisted on one’s arm and wrapping it around the wrist gives extra stability and hence clear

How media violence contributes to the violence at home Essay Example for Free

How media violence contributes to the violence at home Essay People have always believed that the various movies and violent dramas that are shown on TV are just but entertainment. In fact, some adults who feel that since they watched television when they were young and it had no negative effects on them tend to think that television violence cannot be a contributor to home violence. However this could not be the case in the present world. This is because the type of programs that were shown in the TVs in the early years did not contain many violent scenes as it is now. Many television programs are characterized with violent acts like abuse and rape, criminal acts and diminished trust. Indeed many researches that have been conducted clearly show that the increases in violence in the television are having a significant contribution to the violence experienced at home. Furthermore, the media portrays that problems both family and social are to be confronted with force or threats of force The effects of the violent scenes on television vary in the adults and children. Children are the ones who are highly affected since they are not able to discern what reality is and what fiction is. This makes them believe almost everything they see as being what the real world is. The present lifestyle has lead to most children spending many hours glued to the television something which itself can affect their behavior. In fact many researchers have shown that both the adults and children who spend most of their time watching television may develop the following perception. First is that there is an increase in crime even if it is not the case (Media Issues). Secondly that they can overestimate the risk of being victimized by crime and lastly they develop fear of crime which in itself sees crime as something that is all around. Some get mislead that violence rarely has negative consequences. In these programs a very high percentage of the violence acts go unpunished. In fact in some, those portrayed as heroes never get punished despite their violent acts. Furthermore, too much violence in the television leads to over aggression among children and in some adults. This has lead to an increase in violent behaviors in the world majorly due to imitation. People who see those being violent on TV try to copy them as models. This character is common among children. Studies have as well shown that children who watch violent shows and even identify with the violent characters are about twice as likely to be violent as young adults. The studies have as well indicated that men are more likely to embrace the violent acts as compared to their female counterparts. Other indicators of contribution of television violence to the home violence include increased desensitization and heartlessness (Christian answers). People tend to be more callous towards those who may have become victims of violence. In this they tend to ignore or just take easy incidences of violence claiming that they are common occurrences in television. This normalizes violence making it to look like part of daily life. Furthermore, in this way it dulls the emotion response to violence’s and its victims. In conclusion the influence of the media content on people has been openly quite evident. Anyone would agree with this. The advertisers use the media to sway consumer’s perception towards given products. This is equally the same to violence in the media which can as well sway peoples’ perceptions towards violence. Due to the above points it is clearly necessary for parents to take action against the viewing of television programs. Parents ought to talk to the children about what programs are good for them and which are harmful. Children should get encouraged to spend most of their time in sports and hobbies or friends other than watching television. Furthermore special banns ought to be put on some programs that have too much violence References Christian answers, Violence in the media – How it affects families? Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. christiananswers. net/q-eden/edn-f012. html Media Issues, Research on the effects of media violence, Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence. cfm

Extended Definition †Firewall Essay Example for Free

Extended Definition – Firewall Essay Firewall – (1) A computer program or hardware device used to provide additional security on networks by blocking access from the public network to certain services in the private network. (2) It is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. It is also a device or set of devices configured to permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all computer traffic between different security domains based upon a set of rules and other criteria. Etymology Firewall is consisting of two words â€Å"fire† and â€Å"wall†. Fire can be traced from the Old English word fyr a Germanic language which means â€Å"fire, torch†. In Old Czech language pyr means â€Å"hot ashes†. Moreover, wall is can be traced from the Old English word weall which means rampart (natural as well as man-made) and defensive fortification around a city, side of a building, interior partition, which apparently a borrowing from Classic Latin vallum which means wall, rampart, row or line of stakes†. However, the term firewall, as we used here, is a recently coined term for network security and technology. History and Background The term firewall originally meant a wall to confine a fire or potential fire within a building, c. f. firewall (construction). It was also used later on as a referral to similar structures, like metal sheet that separates the engine compartment of a vehicle or aircraft from the passenger compartment. Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s when during that time Internet was a fairly new technology in terms of its global use and connectivity. The forerunners to firewalls for network security were the routers used to separate networks from one another in the mid to late 1980s. Firewalls are important for the following reasons: it can block unauthorized users to access your network; it can protect the network from attacks using the e-mail system; it can prevent vandals from logging into the machines on your network; and it can serve as a tracer for those who attempted to use your network’s data.

Facilitating Change In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay

Facilitating Change In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay Change is a process of transitioning  from a current situation to a desired future condition. Whether we like change or not, we are all caught up in a never-ending cycle of change in our organizations. Some people welcome change and enjoy the uncertainty it often brings, thinking that it offers a new challenges and opportunities at work. Others are cautious about change, fearing that something valued will be altered or lost or that risk brings unnecessary stress. In care, health and social care services are essentially about people, both those who need to use services and those who provide services. People are sensitive to the impact of change and as a manager I have a particular responsibility to take care over how changes in services that are intended to deliver care within the organization. One of the reasons why change seems to be constant is that there are many potential stimuli for change and there are several factors driving change. The stimulus for change may come from inside an organization but it is more usual for it to come from outside. Change initiated within the organization is often a response to a force outside the organization that triggered the change. For example, factors that have a significant impact on health and social care services include government legislations and policies. Many aspects of health and social care are subject to legislation. New legal requirements emerge constantly as government seek to improve health and social care, often through introduction of systems to set standards and to control or modify service provision. Like the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, this was enacted because of increasing numbers of accidents and incidents that happened in the past related to work. Its main purpose is to protect and minimize people from ha rm. It places a general duty on employers to ensure health, safety and welfare of all employees as far as is reasonably practicable. This legislation situates an impact not only on health care industry but all kinds of work. That is why until now it was expanded its scope, clarified responsibilities and responded to new circumstances as they have arisen without changing the overall principles of the original Act. Legislation also affects service provision though legislation relating to employment, health and safety, use of public funding and through related services including education and housing. Recently, the government commence key modification which affects the eligibility of all non-EU workers who wants to work in the UK. Those individuals must earn a minimum number of points. The new rules state the less points will be given for employees earning lower salaries in UK and no points to those who are paid less  £20,000 per annum compare to the old rules that give a minimum points for those workers having  £17,000 salary per year. It means the employer will have to pay new workers at least  £20,000. In addition, the care providers were enormously concerned about the present government removing the senior carers from shortage status because it might cause damage on the quality of care and in the business. Moreover, new technology is also a reason that is why change arises in health care setting. One great example is the development of internet. It change the way of sending information to the multi-disciplinary team through e-mail. Making it easier for senior staff to send and receive relevant information from GPs and other professionals and vice versa regarding service users condition while promoting privacy and confidentiality. It also change our ways of using records and libraries. Staffs in health and care services have access to an increasing range of information that is available to practitioners in health and social care. Service users expect us to make use of evidence in making decisions and database of best practice models are increasingly available. In my workplace, the management use the internet to provide trainings for staff which is more suitable and can be done in our own convenient time. For residence and relatives, its a fact that most of the relatives of our service u sers are far away from each other. However with the utilization of the internet, distance is not a big deal anymore. For relatives and services user who have personal computers or laptops can make conversation and see each other with the use of webcam and chat rooms through the internet. Service delivery is also influence by use of new developments in equipments. Like the new equipment acquired by Barts and The London NHS Trust the two state-of-the-art Lifeport organ transporters. It endow with a valuable sustenance for patients needing a kidney transplant. It stores healthy kidneys after they are removed from the donor before being transplanted into the recipient. This is a critical period for ensuring that the organ does not deteriorate and become unusable. Unlike before that they rely on ice to conserve the kidney, the new equipment maintains the organ in a fluid rich in nutrients and oxygen, which significantly extends the storage period. For the new equipments, it does change the old method to a new way that allows hope for more patients to have successful kidney transplants. In care home settings, the acquisition of new equipments like the air pressure mattress is indispensable equipment for anyone at high risk of developing pressure ulcers or who have existing pressure ulcers. The alternating pressure of the mattress depends on the weight of the service user allowing relieved on a regular basis and trim down the number of times a person needs to be turned, greatly enhancing the comfort of the very poorly or terminally ill. In addition, economic factors also drive change. These factors include the general prosperity of the country and its neighbourhood, the rate of unemployment, areas of poverty, the level of inflation and exchange rates in relationships involving other countries and currencies. The state of the economy affects the level of demand for goods and services, the prosperity of communities and the availability and cost of raw materials and labours. The economy tends to move in cycles, but these are not easy to predict. All services, whether public services, private services or charity provision, are affected by changes in the economy. At present, there were lots of changes in the health and social care sector due to the recent financial crisis that affects the economy of United Kingdom. As a result, the coalition government have wasted no time to save money in reshaping parts of the health services. According to the health secretary, the popular NHS direct services will be substitute with cheaper alternative. Under the governments plans, some strategic health authorities and hundreds of primary care trust are to be abolished affecting thousands of employees and service users. Examples of recent cost-cutting measures cited by professionals are hospital bed closures, pressure to give patients cheaper, slower-acting drugs, cuts to occupational health support, and reductions in community health services. Furthermore, according to a study, it make known that for the most part of job losses it involved frontline staff as patient services are withdrawn. Along with mounting numbers of patients are being deprived of treatm ent for conditions such as loss of sight, arthritis and infertility as the  NHS  increasingly rations healthcare in order to save money. But, the spending cuts done by the government does not only affect the health and social care sector but the life of Britons as a whole. It affects the sick, the disabled and Britains poorest families. Among the biggest cuts are only allowing claimants to have the replacement for Incapacity Benefit, the Employment and Support Allowance for one year, Cutting Disability Allowance for those people in care. Cutting Council Tax benefit by 10%. Reductions in the help given for childcare to working families, and slashing housing benefit for the under-35s by paying them the shared room rate instead of enough to live on their own etc., To be able to facilitate change in health and social care, as a manager I need to be able to understand the principles of change management. According to John Kotter, an authority of leadership and change, change has both an emotional and situational components and methods for managing each are expressed in his 8 step model. To value his model, as a managers there must be an understanding about the suppression and to cause employees emotion. During any period of change, a manager must deal with feelings of complacency, anger, false pride, arrogance, panic, exhaustion and anxiety among staffs. These are all emotions that can challenge and undermine attempts at promoting change. As managers I need to be able to turn these negative feelings into positive and proactive feelings such as faith, trusts urgency, hope, passion and enthusiasm which are emotions that promote change. On the first phase the model explained the phase of creating a climate for change. As a manager, there is need to develop a sense of urgency to staff. That action is needed regarding a foreseen difficulty. This can be done during meetings by explaining the situation through showing related videos and sharing stories. As the urgency grows among the staffs, as a manager, there is necessity to develop a guiding team that guide the change throughout the remaining steps. Members of the guiding team could be unit managers, senior carers or persons who have a relevant knowledge about the changes that occur in the organization, the ability to establish credibility and trusts to peers, the formal authority associated with managerial skill and the leadership. With the manager, alongside with the guiding team, must develop a vision expressed in a clear, concise statement about the direction in which the organization is headed. Engaging and enabling the whole organization is the second phase of Kotters model. Here, anxiety, anger, panic, among staff will rise because the manager or guiding team announces the impending change. Whenever, change is about to take place, people begin to wonder. That is why the guiding team needs to communicate to the individual or groups that are to be affected by change. And need to address these feelings and help staff to think and act in accordance with the new direction. An effective way to communicate the vision is to develop an engaging story that catches the attention of the change initiates. If there is a resistance to the staff at certain point, a dialogue between the guiding team and staff initiates a question and answer session. Staffs displays understanding when they realized the advantage, rewards and perquisites that they will gain once the change is completed. As the pathways to change are cleared, staffs must need to carefully choose and complete tasks that clear ly show that the change is succeeding. Tasks completed provide further urgency and momentum among the organization and lessen the impact of negative comments. At the final phase, the action plan is implemented fully allowing staff not to let up of the change. Collaboration occurs when staffs are willing to endorse or stand behind the change and displays commitment. As managers, at this phase, should sustain the change. It is done when a new way of operating has been shown to staff to succeed over the some minimum period of time Staffs at this point, displays advocacy that maintains the attitudes and behaviours supporting the change.. To relate this in my work, in my care home, there are recent changes that were implemented due staffs failing to do proper documentation. Firsts, the home manager scheduled a meeting and consultation to all the unit managers. At the meeting, to develop a sense of urgency among staff, she used a video based scenario regarding right documentation. The video shows the positive and negative effect of proper documentation to staffs, residents and management. In the meeting, everyone was asked about the ways to improve the situation. Then, decided that every staff should be knowledgeable and competent enough to do appropriate documentation at work through trainings and observations to make sure that they have the awareness, understanding and collaboration about the agenda of the meeting. On the other hand, the unit managers are to be the guiding team to lead, direct and show the proper way of documentation to unit staffs. Before the meeting ends, she makes sure that everyone understands ab out the directions in which the organization is headed and there would be recognition as the best unit that could implement the change. Finally, now every staff is confident regarding answering the forms in the care plans of every resident and certain to do the right documentation. The as proposed the guiding team use appraisal and supervision to measure the change. Plus the home manager monitored the change by evaluating the care plans of the residents with the help of a unit manager every end of the month for this change to become a culture in the care home.

Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? :: Persuasive Research Essays

Below is part of the sample persuasive research essay. Please note: †¢ how the introduction introduces the topic and offers a clear forecast of the essay's thesis (the author's position and stated reasons) †¢ how the conclusion restates the thesis and ends with a call to action †¢ how each character’s speech is fully developed: each speech has the three "E"s of paragraph organization and development: Exposition, Examples, and Explanation. To illustrate these components, in the paragraph below I've placed the exposition (claim and stated reason and background) in blue, the examples in green, the explanation in purple, and the concluding statement in orange. Note: While Jeanne offers one extended example and explanation in this paragraph, I would encourage you to have at least two examples for each stated reason. †¢ how secondary sources are integrated into Jeanne's own prose, how they are "tagged" for the reader and to increase Jeanne's credibility with her audience, and how they are cited. Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? If you have ever considered losing weight, you have probably heard of the various kinds of diet pills available. Diet pills claim to "melt away the fat." They sound like the perfect solution to shed a few pounds, but research tells a different story. Diet pills became popular in 1996. The most common ingredients were Redux and fenfluramin/phentermine, which posed as appetite suppressants. The pills seemed to suck up the fat, and people were losing anywhere between 25-50 pounds in months. The FDA no longer approves the use of Redux or fen/phen, but new ingredients have made diet pills just as popular. An herb called ephedra is currently the most common substance in diet pills. Ephedra is still available for over the counter distribution, but the FDA is researching the side effects. Many cases of heart diseases and strokes have been linked to the herb. The use of diet pills is not recommended, but the advice does not stop many Americans. Diet pills are dangerous and should not be taken. The pills should be avoided because they do not provide a safe or effective way to lose weight, cause heart valve disease and other complications, and are used as a replacement for physical activity. [Jeanne next offers a paragraph with evidence and explanation for her first stated reason. Within this paragraph, after providing a topic sentence and further exposition, she introduces and tags her evidence by identifying the profession and source of the quotation, increasing her own credibility as an author on this subject: Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? :: Persuasive Research Essays Below is part of the sample persuasive research essay. Please note: †¢ how the introduction introduces the topic and offers a clear forecast of the essay's thesis (the author's position and stated reasons) †¢ how the conclusion restates the thesis and ends with a call to action †¢ how each character’s speech is fully developed: each speech has the three "E"s of paragraph organization and development: Exposition, Examples, and Explanation. To illustrate these components, in the paragraph below I've placed the exposition (claim and stated reason and background) in blue, the examples in green, the explanation in purple, and the concluding statement in orange. Note: While Jeanne offers one extended example and explanation in this paragraph, I would encourage you to have at least two examples for each stated reason. †¢ how secondary sources are integrated into Jeanne's own prose, how they are "tagged" for the reader and to increase Jeanne's credibility with her audience, and how they are cited. Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? If you have ever considered losing weight, you have probably heard of the various kinds of diet pills available. Diet pills claim to "melt away the fat." They sound like the perfect solution to shed a few pounds, but research tells a different story. Diet pills became popular in 1996. The most common ingredients were Redux and fenfluramin/phentermine, which posed as appetite suppressants. The pills seemed to suck up the fat, and people were losing anywhere between 25-50 pounds in months. The FDA no longer approves the use of Redux or fen/phen, but new ingredients have made diet pills just as popular. An herb called ephedra is currently the most common substance in diet pills. Ephedra is still available for over the counter distribution, but the FDA is researching the side effects. Many cases of heart diseases and strokes have been linked to the herb. The use of diet pills is not recommended, but the advice does not stop many Americans. Diet pills are dangerous and should not be taken. The pills should be avoided because they do not provide a safe or effective way to lose weight, cause heart valve disease and other complications, and are used as a replacement for physical activity. [Jeanne next offers a paragraph with evidence and explanation for her first stated reason. Within this paragraph, after providing a topic sentence and further exposition, she introduces and tags her evidence by identifying the profession and source of the quotation, increasing her own credibility as an author on this subject:

Defining Abnormality Essay -- Papers

Defining Abnormality One way of defining abnormality is in terms of characteristics or behaviours that are statistically infrequent (the deviation from statistical norms definition). However, this does not take into account the desirability of a characteristic or behaviour. The definition also fails to recognise that in all cultures large numbers of people may engage in behaviours that constitute mental disorders. A further problem is the failure to identify how far a person must deviate before being ‘abnormal’. Such decisions are difficult to make and then consequently justify. The deviation from ideal mental health definition proposes that abnormal people do not possess characteristics that mental healthy people do, or possess characteristics that mentally healthy people do not. This particular definition relies on value judgements about what constitutes ideal mental health. It is also bound by culture, era-dependent, and limited by the context in which behaviour occurs. Abnormality has also been defined as a failure to function adequately (by not achieving some sense of personal well-being and making some contribution to a larger social group). Experiencing personal distress or discomfort, causing distress to others, and behaving in an unexpected or bizarre manner are often the reasons why people come to the attention of psychologists. Many consider the failure to function adequately definition as being the most useful single approach, and the one clo... ...ly rational, and reflect accurately the unfortunate circumstances in which a person is living. Attempts to put the blame on to the patient may inhibit efforts to produce desirable behaviour. Each of the models explain the origins of abnormality in different ways. However, these models are not necessarily mutually exclusive, since each is effectively examining a different aspect of the individual. The biological model observes that learned behaviour can be maladaptive whilst the cognitive model claims that thoughts can be irrational and therefore also maladaptive. The behaviourist model states that abnormal behaviour is learnt in the same way as other types of behaviour through stimulus-response mechanisms and operant conditioning. Each of the models is subject to certain practical and ethical considerations also.

Essay --

Separate Spheres Concerning Work Life and Family Life Industrial revolution is a time reigning from the 18th to 19th century. The era was marked with the major changes in the transport industry, mining, manufacturing and agriculture. This was due to the profound impact of the early agriculture on the cultural and socioeconomic aspects concerning people’s lives. The result of the industrial revolution spread throughout North America, Europe and the entire world with time. This marks the major turning point in early life and history of man as the industrial revolution influenced almost all aspects of human life in the present civilization. There was a rapid population growth and improved standards of living due to the advancement of the industrial revolution (Triece, 2007). This paper is going to cover all aspects of family life and work life as separate spheres and how they create both men and women experiences today. With the advancement of the ancient technology, family life shifted to women expectation while the men dominated the business life. This is highly evident as most of the duties at during the ancient time required lots of determination and work force. Most of the work was so tiresome for women due to their nature of being less masculine. In this regard, work life is a balance of concepts that usually entails good prioritizing with an individual’s lifestyle and work. These are the choices that individuals make in their lives concerning different roles and duties in the community. A dramatic change is evident in both the demographic profiles and labor markets. Most of The families have embarked on the dual earner kind of living from the traditional mode that views the male as the only breadwinner. Relevant to this, the c... ...refore, the emergence of politics, religion and male public figures promoted the ideology of women as a civilizing force within the family home. For example, men took part in active war front in the Second World War while the women sustained them with their daily food supply and provision of medical care. Some women roles declined to the extent of acting as spies’ and providing the relevant information to the men in battle. In conclusion, the separate spheres mainly acted as a reminder to both genders concerning their duties and roles concerning the entire society expectations towards them (Tronto, 2013). References Triece, M. E. (2007). On the picket line: Strategies of working-class women during the depression. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York: New York University Press.

Marshmallow Test

The Marshmallow Test is a study that was done by Walter Mischel in 1972 to test how children are able to delay gratification and how that might affect them later in life. The four year old children were told they could either eat the first marshmallow in 15 minutes or wait and receive a second marshmallow. They were visited again when they were 20 and the ones who were able to resist temptation had less behavioral problems and did better on their SATs. There are three types of research methods used in this study. One is experimentation. Experimentation is when researchers manipulate certain variables to see how they affect other variables. There are two types of variables, independent and dependent. The independent variable is the variable that might cause an effect. The dependent variable is the variable that shows the outcome of the experiment by showing the effects of the independent variable. In this study the independent variable is the marshmallow, or the ability to delay gratification. The dependent variable is being able to delay gratification as a child makes one less likely to have behavioral problems, and also do better in school. The second type of method used in this study is correlation. Correlation shows how two things relate to each other. In this study, they are the two variables, which are the ability to delay gratitication as a child and how well someone does as a young adult. These two variables correlate by showing that a child who is able to not eat the marshmallow in 15 minutes is more likely to not have behavioral problems later in life and to do better on their SATs. The third method used in this study is observation. Observation studies behaviors as they happen, without any intervention. This study shows that because the person who runs the study observes the children after telling them the rules and does not intervene with how they reacted to the marshmallow, whether that be eating it, playing with it, smelling it, etcetera. They did not interfere with the outcome of the study. In conclusion, this study shows that children who are able to delay gratification are more likely to be able to be more socially competent and get higher test scores.

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was spy by Roentgen in 1895, its medical exam checkup application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging flair. successiveaway s visual sense segment consists of an astonishing array of diagnostic and curative devices from roentgenogram shapes, CT S drive out, PET S underside, additive fumble pedal, which principally habit of equit competents and servings ioni clack actin separateapy for name and intervention of unwellnesss and with the add-on of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that utilisation sound moving ridges and magnets for washbasinvass alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the wellnessc ar judicature and the radiologic conducts ar the psyches behind these state-of-the art machines.In the roentgen ray component, single of the divisions of radiology section, the roentgenogram machines argon use for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For carbon sexagenarian ages the film-screen dust has b een the imaging ashes of selection. This outline uses radiographic photograph, screen and puckish chemic light to bring fore an reckon to a greater extentover like pompous picture taking. eery(prenominal) RT s end is to put up noble panorama builds for accurate diagnosing accordingly each(prenominal) pr plaintion is sincerely critical. The RT mustiness be equipped with acquaintance and executions from anatomy, location and characterisation proficiencys. One little faulting check off up endanger the epitome and outputs an unsuffer adequate to(p) radiograph which entails repetition scrutiny that in the main path extra radio natural action sexually transmitted disease to the unhurried. This is angiotensin converting enzyme of the dis usefulnesss of a film-screen mental institution wherein nonp atomic number 18il time the movie has been processed in that location is no manner to change it. What you calculate is what you bewilder. Fortuna tely, with the turning utilize science of imaging agencys came the creation of digital idea which fol downcast the equal construct as digital cameras wherein inventiveness and crinkle of the doubling fag be changed and casts put forward now be cropped. Its advantage comp bed to film-screen is really obvious, since contrives shadow be altered, repetition scrutinies, oft is no monthlong needful.The engine room is brilliant and its introduction has grown the call into question of every(prenominal) RT whether it is efficient compargond to the traditional carcass. And of bod, it is. However, as with every new(prenominal) engine room has its drawback. Since the smart technology oral sexly uses figure machine and computer- assistanceed equipments oftentimes do the full blood. The dubiousness lies wherein go frontwards the efficacy of the RT in footings of picture essay proficiency cistrons be same as utilizing the received manner?Several transnational surveies stated that because of the convenience of the ashes, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every proficiency filling because proposes can be manipulated subsequently. Change of ensures from nip to snip off should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing.As of the look for act asers noesis, at that vagabond ar no known local colligate surveies in the diminution of RT s efficacy in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is solace in the level of de save in the Philippines and that its deduction is non save intensively studied. But this does non halt the enquiry proles to want of happening out if on that point is so a diminution in RT s skill with the new corpse. This look into is a comparative-correlational explore in conclusion the storey of radiographic efficacy amongst film-screen form and CR on flick proficiency federal agent weft. The chief gallerys of the seek histrions be to comp be if on that point is a primary(prenominal) ine tint in footings of radiographic strength in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to key out if the responders visibleness and toilet table has a spellant birth in footings of radiographic ability. animal foot on the consequence of the ken, the look into workers ordain be able to measure the innate accomplishments requisite for the handicraft. engineering so has helped us in mevery a(prenominal) ways. However, without the faculty of the original manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the unionise who has the exclusive craft of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis flock chiefly aims to comp ar the class of radiographic readiness on impression technique cypher choice amid film-screen corpse and computed radiography ( CR ) . Expos ure technique reckon choice is an of takings foundation for these both types of work out sensory receptor ( IR ) or imaging strategy of rules. cipher receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable obvious radi separateapy. competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it lead get the better of the intensive retrospect of the depiction techniques during the undergraduate out of date ages. Furthermore, provision catch ikon techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques anyway mean ray therapy do drugs on the office of the diligent. Harmonizing to Fauber & A Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer s actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the roentgenogram beam. This means that the selected characterisation technique pointor is straight relative to long-suffering loony toons. In add-on, it is the obligation of t he radiographer to larn the doctrine, agentive roles and methods that minimizes ionising ray of light characterisation to the forbearing ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This excessively means that an RT is proviso timbre patient economic aid when he/she gives an adequate and necessary rundown of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined susceptibility as an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. A competent individual is imbued with the in effect(p) noesis, accomplishments and locating on a extraordinary undertaking. Other writers define cogency as a bunch or related perception, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one s occupation, which has a birth in the public presentation on the occupation that can be mensurable with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and phylogeny ( Parry, 1996 ) . In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry phase, neverthe slight, it can however be raise through suitable and self-consistent preparation in a chosen specialised line during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, canmentAs mentioned, push is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These cistrons are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cognition as great deal of might includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing trusted undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as unite ge nial and somatic qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combine with accomplishments is of bit in the piece of work. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at high levels, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. )The last constituent that determines skill is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual s response to a uneven termination or state of aff credit lines. Attitude refers to the esthesia or mental state of individuals/ exploiters towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attri butes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non unless fix that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and apprehension to supply each patient with bore attentionOn radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic motion picture cipher technique. The say competency is indispensable peculiarly in the diagnostic roentgen ray imagination, wherein word picture performers are the key to accurate diagnosing and give radiation demigod to minimum horizontal surface. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . motion-picture show-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom craves. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the photo constituents to b e applied in a peculiar icon because unseasonable choice of photograph ciphers can understand to over characterisation or under pic of the movie. Overphoto or underexposure de fall guys image prime(a) and hence, it can find out to rejection of movie, consequently films the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides extra dosage to the patient and extra be to the section.On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are utilise presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An suppress analogy that is flabby for most commonwealth to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras images can be taken, right off examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a entanglement of computing machines. Computed radiography system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. kind of of the movie, CR em ploys an imaging home house to capture roentgen rays and makes it seeable when the home house is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a opthalmic maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised piece of land is employ to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as compare, brightness, and fast climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) .Computed radiography has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post- bear upon functionality, multiple image wake options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image reference can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non viable with film-screen system. This system is cheery for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by countersinking the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that cut short of exposure.In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with attribute attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic engine room because RT is a fast ontogenesis profession RT trades with kind lives and most of all, the RT word form of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession especially in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should harbor undergone formal educational stage setting followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patie nt attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure technique genesExposure technique federal agents influence and get wind the measure and smell of X ray to which the patient is unfastened ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure arrange and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique constituents. Furthermore, the state factors besides affect image quality.Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. mA is the step of roentgenogram tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optic constriction ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher jointmon across of roentgen rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the roentgenogram beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For breast X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximum electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affects the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the magnetic variation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient volition have lower dose of radiation because it testament non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more riddle radiation, therefore increases the transmittance of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to foresta ll col radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid impart go up image contrast because spread radiation go away be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation testament besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient.Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are postulate to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny depart supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull arrange these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the accurate ra diogram.RT in Film- cover version systemIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the best radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to observe the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image allow for look for proper diagnosing. aft(prenominal) each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure otherwise, misreckonings can copy to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered un refreshing because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed radiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquirement and show moderate. With CR, the image home ascendent serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an agreeable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can commonly salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient wrongdoing with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with salvageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is utilise ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn stray to cognize the competency of a professional, idea plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we get out merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible top executive and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appr aisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread mingled with workplace demands and criterion.Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be hairsplitting in giving exposure technique factors. supply usurp radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick baby buggy ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at keen Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image i s excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without belongings to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than law with exposure techniques which can pursue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is professedly that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the graphic information from the initial exposure pull up stakes incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently.Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is promising that digital imagination go away supercede conventional screen-film radiography in many modern medical imagination centres in the close future tense. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipula ted during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective abbreviation of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital radiography. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging out-of-pocket to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that disconcert diagnostic strength in osteoporosis.Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to backup their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying catch radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal poin t of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT amongst film-screen system and computed radiography and it is through this pile that the question workers can place and compare whether their competency go forth differ base on the image receptor that is being employ. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this leave besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been corroborate that the construct has been there for the past some old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey touchstone the competency of the RT for the proceeds of the establishment where they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional invention that could beef up the foundation of the RTs . It is besides of import for the school to offer the final causes since most the RT from the different infirma ries in Davao metropolis are merchandises of this establishment.This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effectuate of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the head of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to aim the gradation of radiographic competency their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can clash their competency, such as the respondents demographic visibleness in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the visibleness of establishmen t such as role and its categorization are besides considered.To hold a graphic image of the survey, configuration 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables drug-addicted VariablesFactorsRespondents Profile maturateNumber of old ages in serviceAgency individual(a) state- leap outedImage ProcessingFilm-Screen outlineComputed radiographyDegree of radiographic Competence noesisSkillsAttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship among the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the pointedness of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the respondents pen in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings ofPrivate overtWhat is the story of the respondents radiographic competency in u tilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of scienceSkillsAttitudeWhat is the score of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of knowledgeSkillsAttitudeIs there a grievous relationship among the respondents pen and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a all all important(p)(p) relationship surrounded by the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important exercise in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents write and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceThere is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare es tablishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of state-supportedPrivateThere is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its brisk or specific value.Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor.Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor this is besides called as cassetteless system.Exposure- step of ionisation produced in strip by X raies or da Gamma beams.Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram.Film Screen schema- is the conventional image receptor tha t uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to protrude the image in the radiogram.Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image.Degree of radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients.Private hospital- is a infirmary own by a net income keep company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. normal hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the regime and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competen cy between respondents profile and bureau. base on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers go out suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing pro Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten health dish out Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage.Furthermore, th is survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the sort of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT socio-economic class of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research devise used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the take technique, the agent used, the inside informations of process and the statistical synopsis to reply the research job. look into DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed skia graphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum city using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur laid-backway, Matina, Davao City Davao Regional Hospital, placed at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur bucolic Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P bay wreath Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School knowledgeability and Hospital ( DMSF ) , Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at to the lowest degree six months in service at the clip of the evaluate.MeasuresThe research assessment is placid of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary.The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorise as follows depending on their average bell ringerPoints Obta ined Qualitative Description30-25 very High20-24 High15-19 Reasonably High10- 14 baseborn13- 0 in truth LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as cats-paw of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field.Furthermore, the tertiary portion of the appraisal is an vivacious rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the veridical choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the pleasing the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishmentsLow degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to set the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an un pleasurable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and pectus.Furthermore, th e last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes active the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to steer a grade of understanding and contention with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description5 powerfully Agree4 Agree3 Indifferent2 Disagree1 Strongly differIn add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch grace will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human mental imagerys section from the six infirmaries. To promote freewill engagement of the RTs in this survey, the cover letter of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support wi ll be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission.2. After the raise of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. one time approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim ii months in assemblage of informations get drink October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the abbreviation of the informations and reading of the consequencesTo reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, baseborn and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is th e bureau of infirmary in footings ofPrivatePublic3. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-screensystem on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitude4. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computedskiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree ofradiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphyIs there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe processing will be done with the customs of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the future(a) profileName of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers W ellness Center Film-Screen System PrivateDavao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography PrivateDavao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDavao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDMSF Computed Radiography PrivateSPMC Computed Radiography PublicFurthermore, the survey is limited to skull and bureau scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1 Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del ValDavao Doctors HospitalchairwomanThru Mirasol B. TiuDirectorHuman Resources departmentBeloved Sir/MadamWe would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is empower radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure technique Factor Sele ction .The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we at last rely to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We apprised that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey.Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated.Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules force Defensor, RRT detective ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT Department state ByJoshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. LupoRT Program Chair matter of Research Dept.Appendix 2 COVER LETTERDear Respondent,We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and currently carry oning a survey entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure proficien cy Factor Selection The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non.Enclosed with this missive is a truncated questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of pentad parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition intimately exposure factor techniques on skull and chest of drawers scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research pur poses merely.We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no penalisation if you do non take part.If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt yahoo.com.Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3 Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I Respondent s ProfileName ( Optional ) ______________________________ Rating _____________Sexual activity ______________________ Date ______________Age _________Number of historic period in Service ________Part II healthcare Institut ion s Profile casing of Institution ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) thirdType of imaginativeness System ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required.2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased.4. In skull imagination, a 15 % rise to power in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom.5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice.6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor.7. When exposure factor is done with the work of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness.8. In skull skiagraphy, the employment of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended.9. It is necessary to increase kVp wh en an x-ray requisition indicates status such as hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget s disease.10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray.11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally.12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor.14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process.15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness.2. The burdensomeness of the thorax is ordinarily measured with calipers as a usher to the proper ma choice.3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased.4. pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value.5. To fi nd farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires.6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers.7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and ships boat loss of unsharpness.8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image.10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage.12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy.13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques.14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques.15. By and large, as gri d ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point.2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point.3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spreadradiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point.4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram unobjectionable in footings of contrast? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the image aright collimated? 1 pointIs there a presence of image hairs-breadth? ( farsighted exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V AttitudeFor Film-Screen userFilm-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Di sagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen.8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen.9. I think film-screen edge patient radiation dosage.10. I topplel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system.For Computed Radiography userComputed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality ra diogram.2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR.8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR.9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4 Mention word of honorsBallinger, PW, Frank ED Merill s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures,Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of educational Aims cognitive Domain. New York, NY DavidMcKay Company 1956.Bontrager, K, Lampigna no, J standard of Radiographic Positioning and Related manikin 7therectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010.Bushong, SC Radiologic erudition for Engineers Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St.Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001.Callaway, W, Gurley, L cornerstone to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996.Cesar LJ Computed skiagraphy its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68225,1997.Dowd, SB. The profession s hereafter leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992Fauber TL Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000.Fauber, TL & A Johnston, J Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012.Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards An Expertness, BerlinBundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004.Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo warren Green Inc 1984.More, C. Skill and the English working(a) Class, 1870-1914, London Cro omHelm. ( 1980 )Piaget, J. La psychologie de lintelligence, Paris Colin.1947.Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY,Eastman Kodak Company, 1993.Shephard, C Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003.Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society.Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of operate of Public, Private andForeign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007.Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. Measuring Consumer attitudestowards the market topographic point with tailored interview , diary of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist inDavao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. Apr il 22, 2012Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext tape transport protocol //www.medicalimagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008hypertext transfer protocol //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPESHOSPITALS.html Health Care Institutions Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5 budgetary RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final )Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system valuation reserve2 Calendar months 5,330Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000A? of the Contingency storehouse 1,623TOTAL P 17,853