Nickeled and Dimed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Service Providers and their customer switching essays

Network access Providers and their client exchanging expositions Network access Providers and their Customer Switching The fast development in New Zealand Internet use, joined with moderately simple market section by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) has brought about the serious flexibly of Internet administrations. 2001 Census Snapshot1 (Who approaches the web?) from Statistics New Zealand shows right around 4 out of 10 families approach the web in New Zealand, particularly with families in the Auckland and Wellington districts, they have the most elevated paces of web access at about 9 out of 20. Then again, observational proof gathered calls attention to the reality of the serious danger ISPs need to confront while they benefit from the enormous populace of Internet clients. The exploration led by Nielsen/Net Ratings2 (19/11/2001) appeared on the quantity of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) inside every nation in contrast with the nation's populace presents New Zealand has positioned seventh spot all inclusive, having 36 ISPs inside a moderately little populace of 3.8 million. That implies somewhat more than 100,000 head includes per ISP in New Zealand. From the advertisers point of view today, difficulties and openings exist together in the wide commercial center; without a doubt any ISP regardless needs to apply all the promoting endeavors to hold current clients and pull in new clients also while the strain to bring in cash has expanded significantly as salary from Web notices has dropped as of late. Investigation of client maintenance and its effect has gotten ongoing consideration in much research (for example Keaveney 1995;Reichheld and Sasser 1990). This paper centers around explicit industry-Internet specialist co-ops and is composed as follows. Area 2 talks about how significant exchanging and exchanging obstructions are in Internet specialist organizations division, while the reasons why clients/organizations remain with one ISP despite the fact that they may have truly considered choices will be inspected ... <!

Definition of outdoor recreation essay

Definition of outdoor recreation essay What is outdoor recreation? The term “recreation” comes from the word “recreate” that means to make something new. Outdoor recreation can be defined as activities to recreate something new in human that they totally lost being involved into the work. But here the main question appears â€" what they should recreate? Needless to say that recreation means the restoration of peoples spirit, body and mind. When people work, their energy is deteriorated, so they need some activities that are able to restore themselves. People can reach this point with various outdoor recreation activities. If to define the term “outdoor recreation”, using facts that we said above, its possible to say its any activity that engages people to spend time to distract from current problems and get some sort of satisfaction. All outdoor activities can be different, but they may be separated into 2 main groups named “resource based” and “user-oriented” outdoor recreation. The first group includes resource based activities that can be implemented in natural areas that are impossible to be easily created by human, and the second group is user-oriented activities that, in opposite, can be implemented anywhere, including landscapes, parks, etc. Health benefits that can be received from outdoor activity Lets see what benefits we can get from such a simple outdoor activity as walking. If you walk for at least three hours a week of 30 minutes each day, you can get next health benefits: lowering weight; normalizing blood pressure; lowering your stress; decreasing back pain; improving mood; preventing constipation; decreasing the possibility of heart attacks. Social benefits that can be received from outdoor activity The outdoor activities has a great positive impact on people. Recreation activities are able to bring people together, so it means communication between people that see each other rarely in their busy life, can be restored. Participating in various outdoor activities also help people to appreciate nature. In general, there are some social benefits that people can get through the various activities: physical and mental health; education benefits connected to the certain activity; bringing people together â€" its a great chance for people to reconnect with their family and good friends after hard work and get enjoyment from being together and doing something; making new friends; each member experiences the feeling of pride for themselves and for the entire community. Its obviously that outdoor activities can help people to keep themselves in a good physical and mental health. Apart from this, recreation fights with two major problems: obesity and stress. Nowadays, obesity affects a huge number of both adults and children. Needless to say it can lead to such diseases as diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, etc. Thats why its so important to participate in outdoor activities, especially for children. Various types of physical activities like playing sport games with other kids can help burn a lot calories and stay positive and energized, so whether a child is affected with obesity or not, he or she must participate in outdoor activities with friends, such as playing football, camping, boating, hiking, etc. Another thing that affects modern people, is stress. We know that stress can increase the risk of heart attacks, obesity and blood pressure. Apart from this, stress affects our mood, decreasing sadness, bad emotions, stress, and anxiety. Even a simple spending time in parks or playing outdoor games can decrease these symptoms, so people can fight with stress using various types of outdoor activities.

Essay about The Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci - 2416 Words

The Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci â€Å"Sometimes the heavens endow a single individual with such beauty, grace and abilities that, whatever he does, he leaves all other men far behind, thus demonstrating that his genius is a gift of god and not an acquirement of human art.† (1) Giorgio Vasari. On April 15, 1452, Leonardo Da Vinci was born as an illegitimate child. Even with this setback, he was soon educated and his passion for art began to flourish. Growing up through the years in one of the most important cities in the world at that time, Florence, Leonardo had many different and exciting experiences. Not much information is known about his youth. He created a few paintings in that time, but only a few are still in existence today.†¦show more content†¦More success now has happened than ever before, but the creation is not repairable. Leonardo became obsessed with this painting, and the study of the subjects to appear in it. The Last Supper had taken him over two years to create. He constructed many studies involving the painting. Most were about the physical features of the saints. (5) In one of his studies, he made a wonderful sketch of the creation to come. This study also has been ruined over these 500 years, but new computer technology has been able to restore the sketch as if it was redone. Even with restoration the painting looks as if it has a great piece missing to it, and to fill that old piece would make the painting amazing again. He made each and every person in this painting unique, having different facial expressions according to what is said in the bible. This realistic component of the painting made it overwhelming to look at. In the late 1940’s the painting was in a perilous state and was turning to dust. Italy’s Ministry of Fine Arts sent Mauro Pellicoli, a master restorer, out into the world to find something to hold the painting together. With the new invention that he had found, he began to take away all the attempts at repainting it, and showed the natural beauty of it. (6) This new method had even brought forth a mistake that Leonardo had made during his time painting this. Even so the methods used here made the painting look like it was when itShow MoreRelated Mathematical Order in the Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesMathematical Order in the Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci A large portion of the Italian Renaissance was an obsession with finding order in everything in the universe. Its primary actors sought to show nature as orderly and fundamentally simple. Leonardo Da Vinci, the epitome of the Renaissance Man, was not the first to apply these ideas of geometric order and patterns to art, but he may be the most well known. Da Vinci used mathematical concepts like linear perspective, proportion and geometryRead MoreThe Quintessential Renaissance Man1083 Words   |  5 Pagesan inventor, and a world renowned artist. This man was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci, by definition, is the quintessential Renaissance man. Leonardo da Vinci was â€Å"born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy† (â€Å"Leonardo†) â€Å"Leonardo was born out of wedlock and raised by his father, a lawyer named Piero da Vinci.† (â€Å"Leonardo† Skwirk) Leonardo’s father made the decision to move to Florence Italy whenever Leonardo was 12 years old. Leonardo â€Å"lived during a period of Italian history commonly referredRead MoreRenaissance Art And The Postmodern Frame1245 Words   |  5 Pagessource of ideas to create artworks. These artists include Leonardo Da Vinci from the Renaissance movement and Claude Monet from the Impressionism movement. The artist Chiharu Shiota and Lee Bul have also used the art convention Biennale and the world agent to create â€Å"Conscious Sleep† and â€Å"Diluvium† respectively. Through the use the world as a source of ideas, artists with a focus on the postmodern frame have used art conventions to create artworks. Renaissance artworks challenged the contemporaryRead MoreItalian Figures Of The Renaissance964 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci, also known by his unnecessarily long Italian name, Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, was probably one of the most well-known Italian figures of the Renaissance. Aside from his many other skilled areas, including but not limited to, a mathematician, engineer, inventor, geologist, writer, anatomist†¦he was considered to be one of the best painters of his time. Of course like most painters, he had to scale the ladder of success, pun intended, which is where the story will begin. 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One of the great masters of the Renaissance known as Leonardo Da Vinci, dominated the period of the High Renaissance. The values of the Renaissance exist in the works of Leonardo Da Vinci portrayed through his paintings of Mona Lisa, The LastRead MoreThe Beauty Of Mona Lisa953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe famous painting in the world, personally I believe it still is. This artwork was created by Leonardo Da Vinci, who was an Italian artist. He not only dedicate art in his life but also science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, and many other areas. However, today this essay will only focus on the portrait he painted, Mona Lisa. Mona Lisa have many secrets, the date of this artwork is one of them. The time Leonardo worked on it remain mystery, but the â€Å"portrait was doubtless started inRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : The Most Famous For His Art1448 Words   |  6 Pages3/29/16 Leonardo Da Vinci When hearing the name Leonardo da Vinci, what comes to mind? For many people it will be his artwork. This is because of all of the accomplishments da Vinci has, he is most famous for his art. What many people don’t know was that he was also a scientist, inventor, and philosopher. Da Vinci lived in a time period known as the Renaissance. This was a time of knowledge and enlightenment, and it gave birth to many of the world’s most talented and educated people. Leonardo da VinciRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci1629 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 101 | Leonardo Da Vinci | Renaissance Pioneer | | Luis Quelhas | 11/13/2012 | | Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. His father was a wealthy notary, named  Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci. His mother Caterina was a sixteen year old peasant girl. Leonardo had no surname when born and took the name Da Vinci meaning from Vinci, the small town in Florence where he was born. Throughout his life Leonardo faced many hardships. From 1457 he lived in the household ofRead MoreThe Famous Mona Lisa Was Created During The Renaissance Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance began in the 14th century and ended in the 17th century. A minority of Italian thinkers decided it was time to begin a new age. It was a European period that linked between the Middle Ages and modern history. It was a revival in interests of artistic achievements and literature of the Classical world. Renaissance also means, A revival or rebirth. The Renaissance invented and created many methods that changed artwork and education for the world

Marcus Garvey and the African-American Civil Rights Movement

Marcus Garvey and the African-American Civil Rights Movement The 1920’s were a period of struggle for African-Americans. Slavery was abolished, but blacks were still oppressed and were in no way equal to whites. However, at this time blacks were starting to make some progress toward racial equality. The Harlem renaissance started the first real sense of African-American culture through art, jazz, dance, and literature. There was also at this time the beginning of strong African-American movements to further the black race. A prominent movement was led by W.E.B Dubois that focused on educating blacks to create equality. On the other end of the political spectrum was Marcus Garvey, who led the movement for blacks to unite as a race†¦show more content†¦Garvey had to quit school and begin working when he was 14 (Sewell 18). By 1910, Garvey had made a name for himself in Jamaica as an accomplished printer, writer and politician. Garvey joined The National Club, the first organization in Jamaica which introduced anti-colonial thinking into Jamaica (Sewell 21). The inequality that Marcus Garvey encountered in the world outside of lower school in Jamaica was full of inequality and hatred for the black man. Garvey decided to leave Jamaica to see if blacks were treated the same way in other countries. Garvey spent the next two years, from 1910-1912, traveling around Central America experiencing the black condition in several countries (Sewell 18). He experienced the same condition around Central America as he found in Jamaica. So, he traveled to England to see if he found the same. In England, Garvey was pleasantly surprised. The blacks in England were not segregated, like in the west (Stein 29). Garvey took courses at Birbeck College in England. However, he studied a lot on his own, visiting museums and foll owing black leaders in England (Stein 29). Many of his ideas were developed during his stay in England (Stein 30). Garvey identified closely with the Pan-African movement in England. The main principle of this movement was to unify people of color against imperialism all over the world (McKissack 79). Garvey returned toShow MoreRelatedWas Marcus Garvey The Most Significant African American Civil Rights Leader?1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was Marcus Garvey the most significant African American civil rights leader in the period 1865-1945? The period between 1865 and 1945 saw some of the most dramatic social, political and economic changes in America. The key issue of black civil rights throughout this period was advocated and led by a range of significant, emotive and inspiring leaders. Marcus Garvey was a formidable public speaker and is often named as the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentiethRead MoreAfrican Americ A Transformation For Blacks1390 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous southern white men. African American had their opportunity again at the same time, they needed to battle to pick up suffrage and social liberties. December 1865 imprints the most critical crossroads in history for all African American in the United States of America. Black people was free once more. They were free from bondage be that as it may, the excursion to discover their character and to get themselves were restricted. After subjugation African American were upbeat to be free in anyRead More Marcus Garvey and W.E.B . Du Bois Impact the Fight for Racial Equality1050 Words   |  5 PagesMarcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois Impact the Fight for Racial Equality The beginning of the early twentieth century saw the rise of two important men into the realm of black pride and the start of what would later become the movement towards civil rights. Both Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois influenced these two aforementioned movements, but the question is, to what extent? 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During this atrocious time period, many African Americans had hope in their lives of America being entitled as one united nation ignoring the color of skin. James Baldwin was one of many important figures during the Black Arts Movement (1960s -1970s). He wrote many influential essays and poems that impacted many people’s views on the history and hardships African Americans went through livin g in America. James Baldwin

TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB Free Essays

The importance of instruction for the resurgence of a society can non be denied. Harmonizing to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, â€Å" the preparation of a human head is uncomplete without instruction, as instruction contributes a batch in doing adult male a right mind. † ( Khan, 2010 ) While doing determinations for the demand of instructors, the policy shapers and educational decision makers considers several factors. We will write a custom essay sample on TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entire figure of instructors required in a territory or metropolis or small town depends upon the registration of pupils in schools and colleges, the rate of instructors ‘ retirement and bend over and the coveted teacher-student ratios required in that country. Harmonizing to Yasin, â€Å" factors such as high in-migration rates within a population or policies on cut downing category size besides contribute to the demand for new instructors. † ( Yasin, 1998 ) The present research is about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes that whether the instruction section of Punjab has been able to supply quality instruction and fulfilled the demand of instructors in schools and colleges particularly in rural countries. The present research besides analyzes the enterprise of the present authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium and its relation to the demand and supply of instructors. Statement of the Problem Meeting the demand of providing competent instructors to secondary schools and college degree in Punjab is indispensable for bettering the quality of instruction in these schools and colleges. These schools and colleges particularly the authorities establishments depend upon the instruction section for bettering the quality of instruction and for the proviso of professional and qualified instructors. The rural countries need particular attending from the instruction section to better the quality of instruction. The rural countries frequently lack competent instructors due to the location, low wage and fewer installations. Teachers hesitate from learning in such countries. The present authorities ‘s enterprise of change overing Urdu Medium schools to English Medium has posed a new challenge for these schools. This research analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab and provides feasible solution for making balance between demand and supply of instructors in Punjab. 1.2 Purpose of the Study The intent of the survey is to research the balance between demand and supply of instructors in the secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes assorted grounds which lead to the demand of instructors in schools and colleges. The research provides a feasible solution for work outing the job of quality instruction and make fulling the vacancies of qualified instructors in schools and colleges of Pakistan. The paper besides assesses that whether the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has posed the demand for demand of the competent instructors. Scope of the Research The present research is an extended survey on the demand and supply of qualified instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. The research covers the demands and demands of the schools and colleges in rural and urban countries for make fulling the spread of quality instruction and jobs faced by schools and colleges in the employment of competent instructors. The research besides analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium schools. 1.4 Importance of the Research This research would turn out to be an extended survey on solutions required for making balance between the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. It has analyzed the demands of the schools and colleges particularly that of rural countries in supplying competent instructors to them. The research has besides emphasized the demand of competent instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium. 1.5 Justification of the Research The subject of the research is appropriate, as carry oning research on the demand and supply of instructors has revealed utile facts related to the proviso of quality instruction to pupils at secondary and college degree. This research would be utile in long tally as it has provided solutions for get the better ofing the supply of competent instructors in Punjab. Hypothesis Rural and hapless communities in Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. They face extra challenges such as retaining of instructors, who may be attracted to the higher wages which are offered to them in metropoliss. The supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for instructors, the supply of instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements and bend over, in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have increased. Literature Review Academic Reviews Harmonizing to Goel, â€Å" A adult male becomes a rational animate being when he becomes educated. † ( Goel, 2007 ) Education is indispensable for the moral and learning developments of worlds. It contributes to the national economic growing and poorness decrease. The population of Punjab histories for 60 % population of Pakistan. ( Sayed, 2007 ) There are about 64,000 educational institutes in Punjab, out of which 44,000 are primary schools. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are over 500,000 employees in these institutes, out of which 350,000 are instructors. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are about 11 million registrations in these institutes. ( Sayed, 2005 ) Harmonizing to John Wall, Country Director of World Bank ; â€Å" Improvements in instruction results in Punjab have the possible for country-wide impact. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) Decrease in poorness can be achieved by turn toing the root cause of poorness, that is ; deficiency of instruction and accomplishments. Harmonizing to a World Bank study, the quality of instruction provided by the populace sector in Pakistan is really low. This is due to â€Å" low competence of instructors, deficiency of quality text editions and larning stuffs, deficiency of classroom-based support for instructors, deficiency of the appraisal of pupils, hapless supervising and hapless sector administration and direction. † ( World Bank, â€Å" Third Punjab Education † 2006 ) . In rural countries, there is deficiency of qualified instructors, as they hesitate to work due to legion grounds such as deficiency of motive, low wages, deficiency of installations in schools and hapless on the job conditions. In 2003, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Program ( PESRP ) was launched for the intent of bettering quality, entree and administration in the instruction sector of Punjab. This plan comprised of supply-side enterprises including upgrading of schools and make fulling vacancies of instructors. A figure of reforms affecting instructors ‘ enlisting, professional development of instructors, production of text editions and betterment in the scrutiny system were implemented. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) With the support of UNICEF and the National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) , PESRP has given high precedence to instructors in its new reform programme. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) In order to run into the billowing demand of instructors, about 50,000 instructors have been hired since 2003. About 100,000 instructors have been trained through refresher classs in â€Å" child-centered instruction patterns. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) The authorities has taken effectual steps to better the quality of instruction in Punjab. The EFA ( Education for All ) National Plan of Action ( NPA ) 2015 figures out legion issues sing instructor supply, preparation and Supervision. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) The NPA emphasizes the demand for 118,000 instructors up to 2015 in order to run into the Universal Primary Education marks. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) There is deficiency of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors, less figure of instructors in primary schools and fewer instructors are recruited on lasting footing. The EFA NPA has suggested relaxation of makings for instructors in rural countries and for supplying specific inducements to them in order to make full the spread of instructors. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) By supplying in-service preparation to instructors, the quality of instruction will greatly better in these schools and colleges. The authorities is set uping Professional Development centres for the quality preparation of instructors. The authorities of Pakistan has converted all Urdu Medium schools in Punjab to English Medium schools. With this enterprise, the differentiation between two categories of instruction has been removed. This enterprise has chiefly being taken for viing with the globalized universe in the field of cognition. ( The News, 2010 ) The instructors of these schools have been provided developing through English Language classs. The preparation plans aims at bettering learning and English linguistic communication accomplishments of the instructors. The instructors have besides been offered heavy salary bundles. ( The News, 2010 ) The transition of schools has raised more demand for the supply of professional and competent instructors. The academic reappraisal has shown that the supply of instructors has grown over the past 10 old ages, but due to the uninterrupted addition in demand of instructors particularly in rural countries, the supply of instructors must go on to increase for the following decennary. 1.8 Methodology 1.8.1 Approach The research comprises of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. The research has gathered information with respect, but non restricted to the followers ; Analysis of the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by the instruction section in providing competent instructors to schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by schools and colleges particularly in rural countries to make full the spread of quality instruction and to enroll competent instructors. Possible solutions for get bying with the demand of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. The Qualitative methodological analysis in the present research involves both primary every bit good as secondary beginnings. Primary beginning involves study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . Unstructured interview was conducted from 9 top directors of PEAS. Unstructured Interviews are utile for in-depth study, as â€Å" inquiries can be changed or adapted in order to run into the respondent ‘s intelligence, understanding or belief. † ( The Psychology Wiki, 2010 ) Burns and Grove defines qualitative research as ; â€Å" The logical thinking procedure used in qualitative research involves perceptually seting pieces together to do wholes. From this procedure, significance is produced. However, because perceptual experience varies with the person, many different significances are possible. † ( Burns, Grove, 1993 ) . Data is normally gathered through less structured research instruments in qualitative research. Secondary beginning in the present rese arch comprises of reappraisal of books, diaries, articles, periodicals, current event intelligence, web stuff, etc. Quantitative research has been used by the research worker for deriving firsthand cognition about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. Harmonizing to Andrew Sanchez, â€Å" Quantitative research generates statistics through the usage of large-scale study research, utilizing methods such as questionnaires or interviews † . ( Sanchez, 2005 ) Purposive Sampling method had been used for choosing the sample. It uses a specific pre-defined group and does non affect random trying. Purposive Sampling method is a non-probability sampling method which is chosen â€Å" with a intent in head. † ( William, 2006 ) . The sample of the choice of 9 top directors from PEAS is rather appropriate for obtaining information about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school degree and colleges in Punjab. Keeping in position the above mentioned definitions and accounts, it can be concluded that the usage of qualitative every bit good as quantitative methods for this research has been justified. These methods have provided elaborate survey of the research subject and have assisted in clear uping all issues related to the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab. 1.8.2 Data Gathering Method The research involved aggregation of informations through primary and secondary beginnings, that is ; direct and indirect observation. Direct observation involved study of PEAS Department for obtaining positions of 9 top directors of the section. Indirect observation involved reappraisal of secondary beginnings such as books, diaries, articles, web stuffs, etc. 1.8.3 Originality and Limitations of the Data Validity and singularity of the informations are guaranteed while capturing informations and executing analysis. The research emphasizes on the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab and make fulling the spread of quality instruction in these schools and colleges. As the cogency of the information is dependent upon the efficiency of the research worker, the research worker has been careful in maintaining the cogency of the informations during informations aggregation, analysis and while pulling decisions. Ethical issues are considered during the research procedure. In order to avoid disagreements, careful survey and analysis have been done. Data is limited to the subjects mentioned above. 1.8.4 Research Questions The major research inquiries of the present survey are as follows ; Is the instruction section of Punjab run intoing the demands of the demand of instructors at secondary school and college degree? How choice instruction can be provided to secondary school and college pupils in Punjab? Has the instruction section of Punjab taken stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction in schools and colleges? Are schools and colleges in rural countries confronting jobs of supply of instructors? With the transition of Urdu Medium schools to English Medium, are these schools confronting the job of demand of competent instructors? Factual Position Presently the schools and colleges of Punjab state are confronting a deficit in the supply of qualified and competent instructors particularly in rural countries. Teachers lack motive for traveling to rural countries due to low wage, backward location and deficiency of installations in these schools. As a consequence of this, the demand of instructors in rural countries has extremely increased. The deficiency of competent instructors is besides due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors and enlisting of instructors on impermanent footing. The determination of authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has besides posed a demand for the enlisting of qualified and professional instructors. The authorities is taking stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction and qualified instructors. This has been done by enrolling qualified instructors, increasing the wage of bing instructors and by increasing the accomplishments of the instructors t hrough refresher classs in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments and English Language accomplishments. Section – 2: Situation Analysis In this subdivision, the research worker analyzes the informations obtained from the study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . The study involved aggregation of informations through direct observation, i.e ; interview. A sample size of 9 top directors of PEAS was selected for interview. Unstructured interviews were carried out from the top directors. The sentiment and positions of the directors have been obtained related to the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. Facts extracted from the interviews have been analyzed to obtain the findings. 2.1 Opinions and positions of top directors about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab 2.1.1 Quality of instruction at authorities and private schools 97 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that the quality of instruction provided to pupils of authorities schools is non satisfactory. These schools lack competent instructors, educational stuff and installations. The conditions of schools in rural countries are worst. Many schools have been closed in rural countries as these schools lack competent instructors and basic installations. However, the quality of instruction at private schools is satisfactory. These schools have qualified and competent instructors. Figure 1: Opinion of top director of PEAS about the quality of instruction in schools of rural countries 2.1.2 Causes of famine of instructors in rural countries 95 % of the top directors believed that instructors hesitate to work in rural countries due to hapless on the job conditions and low wages. The top direction suggested that instructors can be motivated to work in rural countries by increasing the wages of bing instructors, supplying good salary bundles to the new instructors and by supplying text editions and basic installations to these schools. Teachers should be recruited on lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing. If the instructors are provided inducements and good wage bundles they will be able to execute their occupations in these countries. 2.1.3 Performance of authorities and private colleges 98 % of the top directors of PEAS believed that every bit compared to the authorities schools, the public presentation of authorities colleges in urban countries is satisfactory. The authorities colleges have competent and qualified instructors in urban countries. However, the colleges in rural countries lack competent instructors. Figure 2: Opinion of Top Directors of PEAS Regarding Quality of Education and Competent Teachers in Government Colleges in Urban Areas 2.1.4 Major ground behind deficiency of instructors 90 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that deficiency of instructors is besides due to the fact that most people do non fall in the profession of learning as they consider it a low paid and an inferior occupation. Some people merely fall in this profession as a last resort. As a consequence of this, they lack motive to carry through their duties. When they find any good chance, they leave the instruction profession. 2.1.5 Carry throughing the spread of quality instruction in freshly converted English Medium schools When the positions of the top directors were taken sing the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium, all of them agreed that it is a good enterprise from the authorities for taking the differentiation between two categories of instruction. Students analyzing in Urdu Medium schools are frequently considered as inferior to English Medium. Furthermore, when these pupils reach higher categories, they face trouble in understanding scientific discipline topics. The top directors believed that the spread of quality instruction in these schools can be fulfilled by supplying instruction and English linguistic communication accomplishments to the instructors through on-the-job preparation. This spread can besides be filled by enrolling competent instructors on lasting footing. 2.2 Findingss The findings of the study are in consistent with that of literature reappraisal, as it has shown that rural schools and colleges of Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. The status of authorities colleges in urban countries is rather satisfactory as these schools have competent instructors. The demand for the supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for a big figure of instructors, the supply of competent instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it may depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements, instructors ‘ turnover rate, instructors ‘ in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have greatly increased. Section – 3: Decision and Recommendations 3.1 Decision The demand and supply of instructors can be balanced if the Numberss of vacancies of instructors are filled in by the figure of instructors needed to make full these places. The rural schools and colleges of Pakistan are confronting the deficit of the supply of qualified and competent instructors. These educational institutes besides lack basic installations and educational stuff. Teachers hesitate to work in rural countries due to low wage and hapless on the job conditions. There is besides deficit of instructors due to the fact that the profession of instruction is considered as a low paid and inferior occupation. Peoples merely fall in this profession as a last resort. On the occupation preparation is besides required for the instructors to heighten their instruction accomplishments. With the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium schools, the demand for qualified and competent instructors has risen. There is demand for enlisting of professional and qualified instru ctors in order to raise the quality of instruction in schools and colleges particularly authorities schools and colleges in rural countries. With the uninterrupted addition in the population and accent of the authorities on instruction, the demand for supply of more instructors will farther increase. 3.2 Recommendations Based upon qualitative and quantitative analysis following recommendations have been suggested: In order to actuate instructors, they should be provided good wage bundles and other inducements. Teachers should be recruited on a lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing in authorities schools and colleges. The position of instructors demands to be raised in the society, as instruction should non be considered as an inferior occupation. Teachers working in rural countries should be provided particular salary bundles and inducements. Teachers need on-the-job preparation in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments. The instructors of the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted into English Medium schools needs to be trained in English linguistic communication accomplishments. There is besides demand for enlisting of competent instructors in these schools. How to cite TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB, Essay examples

The Cold War, from the Prespectives of Realism, Pluralism and Structuralism free essay sample

This essay will address why the three main approaches to world politics did not predict the end of the Cold War. Firstly it will briefly give a background insight into what the Cold War was. Then it will go on to explain what characterises the three main approaches to world politics which are Realism, Pluralism and Structuralism, it then will briefly look at the distinctive theory behind them. Lastly the essay will analyse whether or not the three main approaches could have predicted and anticipated the end of the Cold War. The Cold War was the standoff conflict of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union â€Å"The Cold War was a multi dimensional conflict in the Third world as elsewhere. It involved, most evidently, a strategic and military competition, which took the form of the nuclear and conventional arms races† R. Saull (2001: Foreword). Firstly to answer this question we have to understand what the Cold War was about, its origins, key events and how all this was at the forefront of world politics for almost half a century. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War, from the Prespectives of Realism, Pluralism and Structuralism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without a doubt the Cold War is a period of major significance to both world politics and international relations but what was the origin of it? P. Edwards (2010:64) states that the cold war was a â€Å"period of tension that prevailed between the Soviet Union and the United States following World War II. † The most common and identifiable difference between these two superpowers was the ideology. The United States praised free enterprise and the capitalist system whereas the Soviet Union denounced this ideology and advocated a Marxist ideology led by an authoritarian communist regime. However despite the differences ideologically this alone was not the cause of the Cold War, as we know too well they were in fact allies during WWII against fascism. The two superpowers were also both anti-colonial because of their history from which they would emerge from. The Cold War began in an era where most of Europe was left devastated by World War II. It is generally considered to have begun at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, when the western powers were unable to get Joseph Stalin to promise pluralistic governments in occupied areas. † P. Edwards (2010:64). The Soviet Union itself may have thought along the lines of structuralism in the sense that they thought the key features of the so called â€Å"international system† were injustice, inequality and exploitation. B y 1945 Berlin was the line that divided the east from the west; in fact a wall was erected in the German capital this would later be known as the Berlin wall. Germany was divided into two nations West Germany and East Germany with the west being the western US-led area and the east being the Soviet-led territorial area, â€Å"During the years 1945-1949 the cold war was concentrated mainly on Europe and the areas bordering on Europe such as Turkey and Iran. † G. Lundestad (2005:34). Until 1949 the Cold War was not an international conflict however due to the two superpowers being anti-colonial this led to a speed up in third world countries in Asia and Africa gaining independence. The Cold War played a significant role in the decades to come with both powers competing for influence over new regions. The pace in which The Cold War spread was indeed rapid and took many by surprise â€Å"first to Asia, then to the Middle East and Africa and Finally to Latin Americas well. In the 1960s the Cold War had become global† G. Lundestad (2005:34). By the 1960s most African and Asian nations were gaining independence and thus lead to the Cold War becoming global. This was mainly because the all of the borders in Europe were already drawn up and things were very tense there. Whereas newly liberated areas of Africa and Asia were not and quickly became targeted by the two superpowers. Both the US and the Soviet Union engaged military and economic support to the countries that wished to fall under their umbrella. It also engaged in proxy wars in Vietnam, Angola and the Middle East. However despite the tension both sides agreed on a policy of detente. â€Å"The policy of detente had primarily meant detente in Europe. Detente also contributed to regulating the arms race through certain limitation agreements† G. Lundestad (2005:87). Realism is a theory which believes that sovereign states are the primary ctors in the international system. It also believes that the international system has always been anarchic due to the nature of states not trusting each other and each state seeking to gain or maximize its own power capability. The Realist approach to the Cold War was also that of an â€Å"anarchical constitutive† and had seen the Cold War as som ething that was not out of the ordinary. The realists believed that states are always competing to maximize their own power, â€Å"the basic premise of its understanding is that the Cold War was not historically unique. he Cold War rather reflected in general terms the ongoing logic of inter-state conflict derived from the anarchical constitutive nature of the international system, and the ‘power maximization’ policies of states† R. Saull (2001:7). One of the reasons why the Realists did not predict the end of the cold war could be because they saw it as something that is ongoing and that states will always be deceiving each other and competing to maximize their own power. Realist scholars such as George F Kennan sometimes referred to as a pessimist because of his lack of confidence in US diplomacy during the Cold War had a different stance on this. In this case the end of the Cold War was not only about the end of the USSR’s international challenge to American power, but was also paralleled by dr amatic domestic socio-political transformation† R. Saull (2001:9). Ronald Regan was the last US president of the Cold War and under this administration the United States would see some of the most anti-communist foreign policies. â€Å"Ronald Reagan had assumed the presidency in 1981 as an anti-communist hardliner who had accused Jimmy Carter of conducting a foreign policy indistinguishable from appeasement. Under his watch, the U. S. defense budget soared † C. Hodge and C. Nolan (2007:352). Not only was the United States changing in domestic political affairs it was also doing this internationally, the Soviet Union also saw changes under Mikhail Gorbachev. â€Å"The Transformation of soviet foreign policy under Mikhail Gorbachev especially the ditiching of the Brezhnev Doctrine, provided one of the principal external stimuli to the internal changes in Eastern Europe in 1989† R. Saull (2001:8). Despite this Realists have a firm ideology based on the fact that states are the most important factors. â€Å"The focus on states as principle movers in the Cold in its origins and development is difficult to dispute† R. Saull (2001:8). Another reason why Realists may have not predicted the end of the Cold War is because they focused too much on states, power and security and the notion of having victor or a loser. â€Å"Finally the claim that one side won the cold war needs to be taken seriously, even if it tends to be limited to Realist concerns with security and military power† R. Saull (2001:8). It may also be because Realists believe that the Cold War was nothing unique and that states will always be competing, and that the conflict was classic example of how dangerously close it can get to all out war. Pluralism is a theory which differs from Realism because pluralists believe that there are more actors other than the state. Traditional Pluralists believe that there are more important factors to consider other than the state such as the non-state actors like NGOs, international organisations, and international regimes such as the EU and UN. The Pluralist approach to the Cold War tends to focus more on internal economic circumstances. â€Å"Yet within Pluralist approaches to world politics in general there is a consideration of socio-economic change, the emergence of other sources of economic power and multipolarity that are removed and separate from developments within the Cold War relationship. † R. Saull (2001:12). However Pluralists do not effectively correlate the Cold War with general international politics as Realists have shown. Pluralist theory fails to draw the stand together that link the Cold War with a broader world politics† R. Saull (2001:12). Unlike Realists, Pluralists should have predicted the end of the cold war because if states alone are not the main actors it was evident in the 1970 and 80s oil shocks that other factors affected in the way in which states cooperated and how alliances could easily be switched between the two sides. These events would not only create more tension but woul d also threaten the detente treaties. The threat to detente was greater in the middle east, Soviet Influence was on the increase, in part as a result of US ties with Israel† G. Lundestad (2005:78). However it became evident that Arab nations that were US allies and oil suppliers such as Saudi Arabia became increasingly fed up with the US support of Israel. Subsequently The Six Day War angered and intimidated Saudi Arabia and this would lead to economic ties becoming sour between the nations. â€Å"During the 1970s and 1980s three major global petroleum related catastrophes occurred† T. Falola and A. Genova (2005:70). This significantly changed oil prices around the world. The fact that this event took place towards the end of the Cold War should have alarmed Pluralists that an end to this conflict was inevitable due to rising influence in non state actors in international affairs. Structuralism is different from both Realism and Pluralism; this is because they believe that classes are the key actors. They believe that world order is part of a global capitalist system and that the key features of the international system are injustice, exploitation and injustice. Structuralism also believes that ‘human nature’ is not fixed and essential; human beings are conditioned by their environment (Marx; Lenin). One of the reasons why certain structuralists didn’t predict the end of the Cold War was because they were so convinced that capitalist world system was evil. â€Å"To the left structuralists still contend that development is impossible in a capitalist world and see salvation as only coming once globalisation eats itself and a socialist revolution follows† J. Haynes et al (2011:379). Structuralism may have even thought that the Soviet Union would step in once the world capitalist system consumed itself and lead the world to a socialist revolution. Overall these three approaches to world politics have different reasons for not predicted the end of the Cold War, and thus are different in whether or not they should have. The Realist stance on the Cold War focused too much on security and power. However the Realist belief was that the international system has always been anarchic in the first place and so the Cold War was not unusual makes it clear why they did not predict the end. Pluralists on the other hand should have predicted the end for all the reasons mentioned earlier such as the 1970 and 1980s oil shocks. Structuralism tended to focus too much on blaming the capitalist world system for the world’s troubles. They failed to predict the end of the cold war because they believed in a socialist revolution. This is probably why they would not have anticipated the fall of the Soviet Union, maybe because elements of the theory itself was so heavily influenced by Karl Marx and Lenin.